org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileContext.java Source code

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/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.hadoop.fs;

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.URI;
import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Stack;
import java.util.TreeSet;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

import javax.annotation.Nonnull;

import org.apache.hadoop.HadoopIllegalArgumentException;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceAudience;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceStability;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem.Statistics;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Options.CreateOpts;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.permission.AclEntry;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.permission.AclStatus;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.permission.FsAction;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.permission.FsCreateModes;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.permission.FsPermission;
import static org.apache.hadoop.fs.CommonConfigurationKeysPublic.FS_DEFAULT_NAME_KEY;
import static org.apache.hadoop.fs.CommonConfigurationKeysPublic.FS_DEFAULT_NAME_DEFAULT;

import org.apache.hadoop.io.IOUtils;
import org.apache.hadoop.ipc.RpcClientException;
import org.apache.hadoop.ipc.RpcServerException;
import org.apache.hadoop.ipc.UnexpectedServerException;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.InvalidPathException;
import org.apache.hadoop.security.AccessControlException;
import org.apache.hadoop.security.UserGroupInformation;
import org.apache.hadoop.security.token.Token;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.ShutdownHookManager;

import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
import org.apache.htrace.core.Tracer;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * The FileContext class provides an interface for users of the Hadoop
 * file system. It exposes a number of file system operations, e.g. create,
 * open, list.
 * 
 * <h2>Path Names</h2>
 * 
 * The Hadoop file system supports a URI namespace and URI names. This enables
 * multiple types of file systems to be referenced using fully-qualified URIs.
 * Two common Hadoop file system implementations are
 * <ul>
 * <li>the local file system: file:///path
 * <li>the HDFS file system: hdfs://nnAddress:nnPort/path
 * </ul>
 * 
 * The Hadoop file system also supports additional naming schemes besides URIs.
 * Hadoop has the concept of a <i>default file system</i>, which implies a
 * default URI scheme and authority. This enables <i>slash-relative names</i>
 * relative to the default FS, which are more convenient for users and
 * application writers. The default FS is typically set by the user's
 * environment, though it can also be manually specified.
 * <p>
 * 
 * Hadoop also supports <i>working-directory-relative</i> names, which are paths
 * relative to the current working directory (similar to Unix). The working
 * directory can be in a different file system than the default FS.
 * <p>
 * Thus, Hadoop path names can be specified as one of the following:
 * <ul>
 * <li>a fully-qualified URI: scheme://authority/path (e.g.
 * hdfs://nnAddress:nnPort/foo/bar)
 * <li>a slash-relative name: path relative to the default file system (e.g.
 * /foo/bar)
 * <li>a working-directory-relative name: path relative to the working dir (e.g.
 * foo/bar)
 * </ul>
 *  Relative paths with scheme (scheme:foo/bar) are illegal.
 *  
 * <h2>Role of FileContext and Configuration Defaults</h2>
 *
 * The FileContext is the analogue of per-process file-related state in Unix. It
 * contains two properties:
 * 
 * <ul>
 * <li>the default file system (for resolving slash-relative names)
 * <li>the umask (for file permissions)
 * </ul>
 * In general, these properties are obtained from the default configuration file
 * in the user's environment (see {@link Configuration}).
 * 
 * Further file system properties are specified on the server-side. File system
 * operations default to using these server-side defaults unless otherwise
 * specified.
 * <p>
 * The file system related server-side defaults are:
 *  <ul>
 *  <li> the home directory (default is "/user/userName")
 *  <li> the initial wd (only for local fs)
 *  <li> replication factor
 *  <li> block size
 *  <li> buffer size
 *  <li> encryptDataTransfer 
 *  <li> checksum option. (checksumType and  bytesPerChecksum)
 *  </ul>
 *
 * <h2>Example Usage</h2>
 *
 * Example 1: use the default config read from the $HADOOP_CONFIG/core.xml.
 *   Unspecified values come from core-defaults.xml in the release jar.
 *  <ul>  
 *  <li> myFContext = FileContext.getFileContext(); // uses the default config
 *                                                // which has your default FS 
 *  <li>  myFContext.create(path, ...);
 *  <li>  myFContext.setWorkingDir(path);
 *  <li>  myFContext.open (path, ...);  
 *  <li>...
 *  </ul>  
 * Example 2: Get a FileContext with a specific URI as the default FS
 *  <ul>  
 *  <li> myFContext = FileContext.getFileContext(URI);
 *  <li> myFContext.create(path, ...);
 *  <li>...
 * </ul>
 * Example 3: FileContext with local file system as the default
 *  <ul> 
 *  <li> myFContext = FileContext.getLocalFSFileContext();
 *  <li> myFContext.create(path, ...);
 *  <li> ...
 *  </ul> 
 * Example 4: Use a specific config, ignoring $HADOOP_CONFIG
 *  Generally you should not need use a config unless you are doing
 *   <ul> 
 *   <li> configX = someConfigSomeOnePassedToYou;
 *   <li> myFContext = getFileContext(configX); // configX is not changed,
 *                                              // is passed down 
 *   <li> myFContext.create(path, ...);
 *   <li>...
 *  </ul>                                          
 *    
 */

@InterfaceAudience.Public
@InterfaceStability.Stable
public class FileContext {

    public static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FileContext.class);
    /**
     * Default permission for directory and symlink
     * In previous versions, this default permission was also used to
     * create files, so files created end up with ugo+x permission.
     * See HADOOP-9155 for detail. 
     * Two new constants are added to solve this, please use 
     * {@link FileContext#DIR_DEFAULT_PERM} for directory, and use
     * {@link FileContext#FILE_DEFAULT_PERM} for file.
     * This constant is kept for compatibility.
     */
    public static final FsPermission DEFAULT_PERM = FsPermission.getDefault();
    /**
     * Default permission for directory
     */
    public static final FsPermission DIR_DEFAULT_PERM = FsPermission.getDirDefault();
    /**
     * Default permission for file
     */
    public static final FsPermission FILE_DEFAULT_PERM = FsPermission.getFileDefault();

    /**
     * Priority of the FileContext shutdown hook.
     */
    public static final int SHUTDOWN_HOOK_PRIORITY = 20;

    /**
     * List of files that should be deleted on JVM shutdown.
     */
    static final Map<FileContext, Set<Path>> DELETE_ON_EXIT = new IdentityHashMap<FileContext, Set<Path>>();

    /** JVM shutdown hook thread. */
    static final FileContextFinalizer FINALIZER = new FileContextFinalizer();

    private static final PathFilter DEFAULT_FILTER = new PathFilter() {
        @Override
        public boolean accept(final Path file) {
            return true;
        }
    };

    /**
     * The FileContext is defined by.
     *  1) defaultFS (slash)
     *  2) wd
     *  3) umask (explicitly set via setUMask(),
     *      falling back to FsPermission.getUMask(conf))
     */
    private final AbstractFileSystem defaultFS; //default FS for this FileContext.
    private Path workingDir; // Fully qualified
    private FsPermission umask;
    private final Configuration conf;
    private final UserGroupInformation ugi;
    final boolean resolveSymlinks;
    private final Tracer tracer;

    private FileContext(final AbstractFileSystem defFs, final Configuration aConf) {
        defaultFS = defFs;
        conf = aConf;
        tracer = FsTracer.get(aConf);
        try {
            ugi = UserGroupInformation.getCurrentUser();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            LOG.error("Exception in getCurrentUser: ", e);
            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to get the current user " + "while creating a FileContext", e);
        }
        /*
         * Init the wd.
         * WorkingDir is implemented at the FileContext layer 
         * NOT at the AbstractFileSystem layer. 
         * If the DefaultFS, such as localFilesystem has a notion of
         *  builtin WD, we use that as the initial WD.
         *  Otherwise the WD is initialized to the home directory.
         */
        workingDir = defaultFS.getInitialWorkingDirectory();
        if (workingDir == null) {
            workingDir = defaultFS.getHomeDirectory();
        }
        resolveSymlinks = conf.getBoolean(CommonConfigurationKeys.FS_CLIENT_RESOLVE_REMOTE_SYMLINKS_KEY,
                CommonConfigurationKeys.FS_CLIENT_RESOLVE_REMOTE_SYMLINKS_DEFAULT);
        util = new Util(); // for the inner class
    }

    /* 
     * Remove relative part - return "absolute":
     * If input is relative path ("foo/bar") add wd: ie "/<workingDir>/foo/bar"
     * A fully qualified uri ("hdfs://nn:p/foo/bar") or a slash-relative path
     * ("/foo/bar") are returned unchanged.
     * 
     * Applications that use FileContext should use #makeQualified() since
     * they really want a fully qualified URI.
     * Hence this method is not called makeAbsolute() and 
     * has been deliberately declared private.
     */
    Path fixRelativePart(Path p) {
        Preconditions.checkNotNull(p, "path cannot be null");
        if (p.isUriPathAbsolute()) {
            return p;
        } else {
            return new Path(workingDir, p);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Delete all the paths that were marked as delete-on-exit.
     */
    static void processDeleteOnExit() {
        synchronized (DELETE_ON_EXIT) {
            Set<Entry<FileContext, Set<Path>>> set = DELETE_ON_EXIT.entrySet();
            for (Entry<FileContext, Set<Path>> entry : set) {
                FileContext fc = entry.getKey();
                Set<Path> paths = entry.getValue();
                for (Path path : paths) {
                    try {
                        fc.delete(path, true);
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        LOG.warn("Ignoring failure to deleteOnExit for path " + path);
                    }
                }
            }
            DELETE_ON_EXIT.clear();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the file system of supplied path.
     * 
     * @param absOrFqPath - absolute or fully qualified path
     * @return the file system of the path
     * 
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If the file system for
     *           <code>absOrFqPath</code> is not supported.
     * @throws IOException If the file system for <code>absOrFqPath</code> could
     *         not be instantiated.
     */
    protected AbstractFileSystem getFSofPath(final Path absOrFqPath)
            throws UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        absOrFqPath.checkNotSchemeWithRelative();
        absOrFqPath.checkNotRelative();

        try {
            // Is it the default FS for this FileContext?
            defaultFS.checkPath(absOrFqPath);
            return defaultFS;
        } catch (Exception e) { // it is different FileSystem
            return getAbstractFileSystem(ugi, absOrFqPath.toUri(), conf);
        }
    }

    private static AbstractFileSystem getAbstractFileSystem(UserGroupInformation user, final URI uri,
            final Configuration conf) throws UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        try {
            return user.doAs(new PrivilegedExceptionAction<AbstractFileSystem>() {
                @Override
                public AbstractFileSystem run() throws UnsupportedFileSystemException {
                    return AbstractFileSystem.get(uri, conf);
                }
            });
        } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
            // RTEs can wrap other exceptions; if there is an IOException inner,
            // throw it direct.
            Throwable cause = ex.getCause();
            if (cause instanceof IOException) {
                throw (IOException) cause;
            } else {
                throw ex;
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
            LOG.error(ex.toString());
            throw new IOException("Failed to get the AbstractFileSystem for path: " + uri, ex);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Protected Static Factory methods for getting a FileContexts
     * that take a AbstractFileSystem as input. To be used for testing.
     */

    /**
     * Create a FileContext with specified FS as default using the specified
     * config.
     * 
     * @param defFS
     * @param aConf
     * @return new FileContext with specified FS as default.
     */
    public static FileContext getFileContext(final AbstractFileSystem defFS, final Configuration aConf) {
        return new FileContext(defFS, aConf);
    }

    /**
     * Create a FileContext for specified file system using the default config.
     * 
     * @param defaultFS
     * @return a FileContext with the specified AbstractFileSystem
     *                 as the default FS.
     */
    protected static FileContext getFileContext(final AbstractFileSystem defaultFS) {
        return getFileContext(defaultFS, new Configuration());
    }

    /**
     * Static Factory methods for getting a FileContext.
     * Note new file contexts are created for each call.
     * The only singleton is the local FS context using the default config.
     * 
     * Methods that use the default config: the default config read from the
     * $HADOOP_CONFIG/core.xml,
     * Unspecified key-values for config are defaulted from core-defaults.xml
     * in the release jar.
     * 
     * The keys relevant to the FileContext layer are extracted at time of
     * construction. Changes to the config after the call are ignore
     * by the FileContext layer. 
     * The conf is passed to lower layers like AbstractFileSystem and HDFS which
     * pick up their own config variables.
     */

    /**
     * Create a FileContext using the default config read from the
     * $HADOOP_CONFIG/core.xml, Unspecified key-values for config are defaulted
     * from core-defaults.xml in the release jar.
     * 
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If the file system from the default
     *           configuration is not supported
     */
    public static FileContext getFileContext() throws UnsupportedFileSystemException {
        return getFileContext(new Configuration());
    }

    /**
     * @return a FileContext for the local file system using the default config.
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If the file system for
     *           {@link FsConstants#LOCAL_FS_URI} is not supported.
     */
    public static FileContext getLocalFSFileContext() throws UnsupportedFileSystemException {
        return getFileContext(FsConstants.LOCAL_FS_URI);
    }

    /**
     * Create a FileContext for specified URI using the default config.
     * 
     * @param defaultFsUri
     * @return a FileContext with the specified URI as the default FS.
     * 
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If the file system for
     *           <code>defaultFsUri</code> is not supported
     */
    public static FileContext getFileContext(final URI defaultFsUri) throws UnsupportedFileSystemException {
        return getFileContext(defaultFsUri, new Configuration());
    }

    /**
     * Create a FileContext for specified default URI using the specified config.
     * 
     * @param defaultFsUri
     * @param aConf
     * @return new FileContext for specified uri
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If the file system with specified is
     *           not supported
     * @throws RuntimeException If the file system specified is supported but
     *         could not be instantiated, or if login fails.
     */
    public static FileContext getFileContext(final URI defaultFsUri, final Configuration aConf)
            throws UnsupportedFileSystemException {
        UserGroupInformation currentUser = null;
        AbstractFileSystem defaultAfs = null;
        if (defaultFsUri.getScheme() == null) {
            return getFileContext(aConf);
        }
        try {
            currentUser = UserGroupInformation.getCurrentUser();
            defaultAfs = getAbstractFileSystem(currentUser, defaultFsUri, aConf);
        } catch (UnsupportedFileSystemException ex) {
            throw ex;
        } catch (IOException ex) {
            LOG.error(ex.toString());
            throw new RuntimeException(ex);
        }
        return getFileContext(defaultAfs, aConf);
    }

    /**
     * Create a FileContext using the passed config. Generally it is better to use
     * {@link #getFileContext(URI, Configuration)} instead of this one.
     * 
     * 
     * @param aConf
     * @return new FileContext
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system in the config
     *           is not supported
     */
    public static FileContext getFileContext(final Configuration aConf) throws UnsupportedFileSystemException {
        final URI defaultFsUri = URI.create(aConf.get(FS_DEFAULT_NAME_KEY, FS_DEFAULT_NAME_DEFAULT));
        if (defaultFsUri.getScheme() != null && !defaultFsUri.getScheme().trim().isEmpty()) {
            return getFileContext(defaultFsUri, aConf);
        }
        throw new UnsupportedFileSystemException(
                String.format("%s: URI configured via %s carries no scheme", defaultFsUri, FS_DEFAULT_NAME_KEY));
    }

    /**
     * @param aConf - from which the FileContext is configured
     * @return a FileContext for the local file system using the specified config.
     * 
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If default file system in the config
     *           is not supported
     * 
     */
    public static FileContext getLocalFSFileContext(final Configuration aConf)
            throws UnsupportedFileSystemException {
        return getFileContext(FsConstants.LOCAL_FS_URI, aConf);
    }

    /* This method is needed for tests. */
    @InterfaceAudience.Private
    @InterfaceStability.Unstable /* return type will change to AFS once
                                    HADOOP-6223 is completed */
    public AbstractFileSystem getDefaultFileSystem() {
        return defaultFS;
    }

    /**
     * Set the working directory for wd-relative names (such a "foo/bar"). Working
     * directory feature is provided by simply prefixing relative names with the
     * working dir. Note this is different from Unix where the wd is actually set
     * to the inode. Hence setWorkingDir does not follow symlinks etc. This works
     * better in a distributed environment that has multiple independent roots.
     * {@link #getWorkingDirectory()} should return what setWorkingDir() set.
     * 
     * @param newWDir new working directory
     * @throws IOException 
     * <br>
     *           NewWdir can be one of:
     *           <ul>
     *           <li>relative path: "foo/bar";</li>
     *           <li>absolute without scheme: "/foo/bar"</li>
     *           <li>fully qualified with scheme: "xx://auth/foo/bar"</li>
     *           </ul>
     * <br>
     *           Illegal WDs:
     *           <ul>
     *           <li>relative with scheme: "xx:foo/bar"</li>
     *           <li>non existent directory</li>
     *           </ul>
     */
    public void setWorkingDirectory(final Path newWDir) throws IOException {
        newWDir.checkNotSchemeWithRelative();
        /* wd is stored as a fully qualified path. We check if the given 
         * path is not relative first since resolve requires and returns 
         * an absolute path.
         */
        final Path newWorkingDir = new Path(workingDir, newWDir);
        FileStatus status = getFileStatus(newWorkingDir);
        if (status.isFile()) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Cannot setWD to a file");
        }
        workingDir = newWorkingDir;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the working directory for wd-relative names (such a "foo/bar").
     */
    public Path getWorkingDirectory() {
        return workingDir;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the ugi in the file-context
     * @return UserGroupInformation
     */
    public UserGroupInformation getUgi() {
        return ugi;
    }

    /**
     * Return the current user's home directory in this file system.
     * The default implementation returns "/user/$USER/".
     * @return the home directory
     */
    public Path getHomeDirectory() {
        return defaultFS.getHomeDirectory();
    }

    /**
     * 
     * @return the umask of this FileContext
     */
    public FsPermission getUMask() {
        return (umask != null ? umask : FsPermission.getUMask(conf));
    }

    /**
     * Set umask to the supplied parameter.
     * @param newUmask  the new umask
     */
    public void setUMask(final FsPermission newUmask) {
        this.umask = newUmask;
    }

    /**
     * Resolve the path following any symlinks or mount points
     * @param f to be resolved
     * @return fully qualified resolved path
     * 
     * @throws FileNotFoundException  If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws AccessControlException if access denied
     * @throws IOException If an IO Error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     * 
     * RuntimeExceptions:
     * @throws InvalidPathException If path <code>f</code> is not valid
     */
    public Path resolvePath(final Path f)
            throws FileNotFoundException, UnresolvedLinkException, AccessControlException, IOException {
        return resolve(f);
    }

    /**
     * Make the path fully qualified if it is isn't. 
     * A Fully-qualified path has scheme and authority specified and an absolute
     * path.
     * Use the default file system and working dir in this FileContext to qualify.
     * @param path
     * @return qualified path
     */
    public Path makeQualified(final Path path) {
        return path.makeQualified(defaultFS.getUri(), getWorkingDirectory());
    }

    /**
     * Create or overwrite file on indicated path and returns an output stream for
     * writing into the file.
     * 
     * @param f the file name to open
     * @param createFlag gives the semantics of create; see {@link CreateFlag}
     * @param opts file creation options; see {@link Options.CreateOpts}.
     *          <ul>
     *          <li>Progress - to report progress on the operation - default null
     *          <li>Permission - umask is applied against permission: default is
     *          FsPermissions:getDefault()
     * 
     *          <li>CreateParent - create missing parent path; default is to not
     *          to create parents
     *          <li>The defaults for the following are SS defaults of the file
     *          server implementing the target path. Not all parameters make sense
     *          for all kinds of file system - eg. localFS ignores Blocksize,
     *          replication, checksum
     *          <ul>
     *          <li>BufferSize - buffersize used in FSDataOutputStream
     *          <li>Blocksize - block size for file blocks
     *          <li>ReplicationFactor - replication for blocks
     *          <li>ChecksumParam - Checksum parameters. server default is used
     *          if not specified.
     *          </ul>
     *          </ul>
     * 
     * @return {@link FSDataOutputStream} for created file
     * 
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileAlreadyExistsException If file <code>f</code> already exists
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If parent of <code>f</code> does not exist
     *           and <code>createParent</code> is false
     * @throws ParentNotDirectoryException If parent of <code>f</code> is not a
     *           directory.
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     * 
     * RuntimeExceptions:
     * @throws InvalidPathException If path <code>f</code> is not valid
     */
    public FSDataOutputStream create(final Path f, final EnumSet<CreateFlag> createFlag, Options.CreateOpts... opts)
            throws AccessControlException, FileAlreadyExistsException, FileNotFoundException,
            ParentNotDirectoryException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);

        // If one of the options is a permission, extract it & apply umask
        // If not, add a default Perms and apply umask;
        // AbstractFileSystem#create

        CreateOpts.Perms permOpt = CreateOpts.getOpt(CreateOpts.Perms.class, opts);
        FsPermission permission = (permOpt != null) ? permOpt.getValue() : FILE_DEFAULT_PERM;
        permission = FsCreateModes.applyUMask(permission, getUMask());

        final CreateOpts[] updatedOpts = CreateOpts.setOpt(CreateOpts.perms(permission), opts);
        return new FSLinkResolver<FSDataOutputStream>() {
            @Override
            public FSDataOutputStream next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                return fs.create(p, createFlag, updatedOpts);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * {@link FSDataOutputStreamBuilder} for {@liink FileContext}.
     */
    private static final class FCDataOutputStreamBuilder
            extends FSDataOutputStreamBuilder<FSDataOutputStream, FCDataOutputStreamBuilder> {
        private final FileContext fc;

        private FCDataOutputStreamBuilder(@Nonnull FileContext fc, @Nonnull Path p) throws IOException {
            super(fc, p);
            this.fc = fc;
            Preconditions.checkNotNull(fc);
        }

        @Override
        protected FCDataOutputStreamBuilder getThisBuilder() {
            return this;
        }

        @Override
        public FSDataOutputStream build() throws IOException {
            final EnumSet<CreateFlag> flags = getFlags();
            List<CreateOpts> createOpts = new ArrayList<>(
                    Arrays.asList(CreateOpts.blockSize(getBlockSize()), CreateOpts.bufferSize(getBufferSize()),
                            CreateOpts.repFac(getReplication()), CreateOpts.perms(getPermission())));
            if (getChecksumOpt() != null) {
                createOpts.add(CreateOpts.checksumParam(getChecksumOpt()));
            }
            if (getProgress() != null) {
                createOpts.add(CreateOpts.progress(getProgress()));
            }
            if (isRecursive()) {
                createOpts.add(CreateOpts.createParent());
            }
            return fc.create(getPath(), flags, createOpts.toArray(new CreateOpts[0]));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Create a {@link FSDataOutputStreamBuilder} for creating or overwriting
     * a file on indicated path.
     *
     * @param f the file path to create builder for.
     * @return {@link FSDataOutputStreamBuilder} to build a
     *         {@link FSDataOutputStream}.
     *
     * Upon {@link FSDataOutputStreamBuilder#build()} being invoked,
     * builder parameters will be verified by {@link FileContext} and
     * {@link AbstractFileSystem#create}. And filesystem states will be modified.
     *
     * Client should expect {@link FSDataOutputStreamBuilder#build()} throw the
     * same exceptions as create(Path, EnumSet, CreateOpts...).
     */
    public FSDataOutputStreamBuilder<FSDataOutputStream, ?> create(final Path f) throws IOException {
        return new FCDataOutputStreamBuilder(this, f).create();
    }

    /**
     * Make(create) a directory and all the non-existent parents.
     * 
     * @param dir - the dir to make
     * @param permission - permissions is set permission&~umask
     * @param createParent - if true then missing parent dirs are created if false
     *          then parent must exist
     * 
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileAlreadyExistsException If directory <code>dir</code> already
     *           exists
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If parent of <code>dir</code> does not exist
     *           and <code>createParent</code> is false
     * @throws ParentNotDirectoryException If parent of <code>dir</code> is not a
     *           directory
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>dir</code>
     *         is not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     * 
     * RuntimeExceptions:
     * @throws InvalidPathException If path <code>dir</code> is not valid
     */
    public void mkdir(final Path dir, final FsPermission permission, final boolean createParent)
            throws AccessControlException, FileAlreadyExistsException, FileNotFoundException,
            ParentNotDirectoryException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absDir = fixRelativePart(dir);
        final FsPermission absFerms = FsCreateModes
                .applyUMask(permission == null ? FsPermission.getDirDefault() : permission, getUMask());
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                fs.mkdir(p, absFerms, createParent);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absDir);
    }

    /**
     * Delete a file.
     * @param f the path to delete.
     * @param recursive if path is a directory and set to 
     * true, the directory is deleted else throws an exception. In
     * case of a file the recursive can be set to either true or false.
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     * 
     * RuntimeExceptions:
     * @throws InvalidPathException If path <code>f</code> is invalid
     */
    public boolean delete(final Path f, final boolean recursive)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<Boolean>() {
            @Override
            public Boolean next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.delete(p, recursive);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Opens an FSDataInputStream at the indicated Path using
     * default buffersize.
     * @param f the file name to open
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If file <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code>
     *         is not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public FSDataInputStream open(final Path f)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<FSDataInputStream>() {
            @Override
            public FSDataInputStream next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.open(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Opens an FSDataInputStream at the indicated Path.
     * 
     * @param f the file name to open
     * @param bufferSize the size of the buffer to be used.
     * 
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If file <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public FSDataInputStream open(final Path f, final int bufferSize)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<FSDataInputStream>() {
            @Override
            public FSDataInputStream next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.open(p, bufferSize);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Truncate the file in the indicated path to the indicated size.
     * <ul>
     * <li>Fails if path is a directory.
     * <li>Fails if path does not exist.
     * <li>Fails if path is not closed.
     * <li>Fails if new size is greater than current size.
     * </ul>
     * @param f The path to the file to be truncated
     * @param newLength The size the file is to be truncated to
     *
     * @return <code>true</code> if the file has been truncated to the desired
     * <code>newLength</code> and is immediately available to be reused for
     * write operations such as <code>append</code>, or
     * <code>false</code> if a background process of adjusting the length of
     * the last block has been started, and clients should wait for it to
     * complete before proceeding with further file updates.
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If file <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     *
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public boolean truncate(final Path f, final long newLength)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<Boolean>() {
            @Override
            public Boolean next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.truncate(p, newLength);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Set replication for an existing file.
     * 
     * @param f file name
     * @param replication new replication
     *
     * @return true if successful
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If file <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public boolean setReplication(final Path f, final short replication)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<Boolean>() {
            @Override
            public Boolean next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.setReplication(p, replication);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Renames Path src to Path dst
     * <ul>
     * <li
     * <li>Fails if src is a file and dst is a directory.
     * <li>Fails if src is a directory and dst is a file.
     * <li>Fails if the parent of dst does not exist or is a file.
     * </ul>
     * <p>
     * If OVERWRITE option is not passed as an argument, rename fails if the dst
     * already exists.
     * <p>
     * If OVERWRITE option is passed as an argument, rename overwrites the dst if
     * it is a file or an empty directory. Rename fails if dst is a non-empty
     * directory.
     * <p>
     * Note that atomicity of rename is dependent on the file system
     * implementation. Please refer to the file system documentation for details
     * <p>
     * 
     * @param src path to be renamed
     * @param dst new path after rename
     * 
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileAlreadyExistsException If <code>dst</code> already exists and
     *           <code>options</options> has {@link Options.Rename#OVERWRITE} 
     *           option false.
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>src</code> does not exist
     * @throws ParentNotDirectoryException If parent of <code>dst</code> is not a
     *           directory
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>src</code>
     *           and <code>dst</code> is not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public void rename(final Path src, final Path dst, final Options.Rename... options)
            throws AccessControlException, FileAlreadyExistsException, FileNotFoundException,
            ParentNotDirectoryException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absSrc = fixRelativePart(src);
        final Path absDst = fixRelativePart(dst);
        AbstractFileSystem srcFS = getFSofPath(absSrc);
        AbstractFileSystem dstFS = getFSofPath(absDst);
        if (!srcFS.getUri().equals(dstFS.getUri())) {
            throw new IOException("Renames across AbstractFileSystems not supported");
        }
        try {
            srcFS.rename(absSrc, absDst, options);
        } catch (UnresolvedLinkException e) {
            /* We do not know whether the source or the destination path
             * was unresolved. Resolve the source path up until the final
             * path component, then fully resolve the destination. 
             */
            final Path source = resolveIntermediate(absSrc);
            new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
                @Override
                public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                        throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                    fs.rename(source, p, options);
                    return null;
                }
            }.resolve(this, absDst);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set permission of a path.
     * @param f
     * @param permission - the new absolute permission (umask is not applied)
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code>
     *         is not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public void setPermission(final Path f, final FsPermission permission)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                fs.setPermission(p, permission);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Set owner of a path (i.e. a file or a directory). The parameters username
     * and groupname cannot both be null.
     * 
     * @param f The path
     * @param username If it is null, the original username remains unchanged.
     * @param groupname If it is null, the original groupname remains unchanged.
     * 
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     * 
     * RuntimeExceptions:
     * @throws HadoopIllegalArgumentException If <code>username</code> or
     *           <code>groupname</code> is invalid.
     */
    public void setOwner(final Path f, final String username, final String groupname)
            throws AccessControlException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, FileNotFoundException, IOException {
        if ((username == null) && (groupname == null)) {
            throw new HadoopIllegalArgumentException("username and groupname cannot both be null");
        }
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                fs.setOwner(p, username, groupname);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Set access time of a file.
     * @param f The path
     * @param mtime Set the modification time of this file.
     *        The number of milliseconds since epoch (Jan 1, 1970). 
     *        A value of -1 means that this call should not set modification time.
     * @param atime Set the access time of this file.
     *        The number of milliseconds since Jan 1, 1970. 
     *        A value of -1 means that this call should not set access time.
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public void setTimes(final Path f, final long mtime, final long atime)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                fs.setTimes(p, mtime, atime);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Get the checksum of a file.
     *
     * @param f file path
     *
     * @return The file checksum.  The default return value is null,
     *  which indicates that no checksum algorithm is implemented
     *  in the corresponding FileSystem.
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public FileChecksum getFileChecksum(final Path f)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<FileChecksum>() {
            @Override
            public FileChecksum next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.getFileChecksum(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Set the verify checksum flag for the  file system denoted by the path.
     * This is only applicable if the 
     * corresponding FileSystem supports checksum. By default doesn't do anything.
     * @param verifyChecksum
     * @param f set the verifyChecksum for the Filesystem containing this path
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public void setVerifyChecksum(final boolean verifyChecksum, final Path f)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = resolve(fixRelativePart(f));
        getFSofPath(absF).setVerifyChecksum(verifyChecksum);
    }

    /**
     * Return a file status object that represents the path.
     * @param f The path we want information from
     *
     * @return a FileStatus object
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public FileStatus getFileStatus(final Path f)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<FileStatus>() {
            @Override
            public FileStatus next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.getFileStatus(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the user can access a path.  The mode specifies which access
     * checks to perform.  If the requested permissions are granted, then the
     * method returns normally.  If access is denied, then the method throws an
     * {@link AccessControlException}.
     * <p/>
     * The default implementation of this method calls {@link #getFileStatus(Path)}
     * and checks the returned permissions against the requested permissions.
     * Note that the getFileStatus call will be subject to authorization checks.
     * Typically, this requires search (execute) permissions on each directory in
     * the path's prefix, but this is implementation-defined.  Any file system
     * that provides a richer authorization model (such as ACLs) may override the
     * default implementation so that it checks against that model instead.
     * <p>
     * In general, applications should avoid using this method, due to the risk of
     * time-of-check/time-of-use race conditions.  The permissions on a file may
     * change immediately after the access call returns.  Most applications should
     * prefer running specific file system actions as the desired user represented
     * by a {@link UserGroupInformation}.
     *
     * @param path Path to check
     * @param mode type of access to check
     * @throws AccessControlException if access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException if the path does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException if file system for <code>path</code>
     *   is not supported
     * @throws IOException see specific implementation
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    @InterfaceAudience.LimitedPrivate({ "HDFS", "Hive" })
    public void access(final Path path, final FsAction mode)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absPath = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(AbstractFileSystem fs, Path p) throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                fs.access(p, mode);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absPath);
    }

    /**
     * Return a file status object that represents the path. If the path 
     * refers to a symlink then the FileStatus of the symlink is returned.
     * The behavior is equivalent to #getFileStatus() if the underlying
     * file system does not support symbolic links.
     * @param  f The path we want information from.
     * @return A FileStatus object
     * 
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     */
    public FileStatus getFileLinkStatus(final Path f)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<FileStatus>() {
            @Override
            public FileStatus next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                FileStatus fi = fs.getFileLinkStatus(p);
                if (fi.isSymlink()) {
                    fi.setSymlink(FSLinkResolver.qualifySymlinkTarget(fs.getUri(), p, fi.getSymlink()));
                }
                return fi;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the target of the given symbolic link as it was specified
     * when the link was created.  Links in the path leading up to the
     * final path component are resolved transparently.
     *
     * @param f the path to return the target of
     * @return The un-interpreted target of the symbolic link.
     * 
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If path <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If the given path does not refer to a symlink
     *           or an I/O error occurred
     */
    public Path getLinkTarget(final Path f)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<Path>() {
            @Override
            public Path next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                FileStatus fi = fs.getFileLinkStatus(p);
                return fi.getSymlink();
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Return blockLocation of the given file for the given offset and len.
     *  For a nonexistent file or regions, null will be returned.
     *
     * This call is most helpful with DFS, where it returns 
     * hostnames of machines that contain the given file.
     *
     * In HDFS, if file is three-replicated, the returned array contains
     * elements like:
     * <pre>
     * BlockLocation(offset: 0, length: BLOCK_SIZE,
     *   hosts: {"host1:9866", "host2:9866, host3:9866"})
     * BlockLocation(offset: BLOCK_SIZE, length: BLOCK_SIZE,
     *   hosts: {"host2:9866", "host3:9866, host4:9866"})
     * </pre>
     *
     * And if a file is erasure-coded, the returned BlockLocation are logical
     * block groups.
     *
     * Suppose we have a RS_3_2 coded file (3 data units and 2 parity units).
     * 1. If the file size is less than one stripe size, say 2 * CELL_SIZE, then
     * there will be one BlockLocation returned, with 0 offset, actual file size
     * and 4 hosts (2 data blocks and 2 parity blocks) hosting the actual blocks.
     * 3. If the file size is less than one group size but greater than one
     * stripe size, then there will be one BlockLocation returned, with 0 offset,
     * actual file size with 5 hosts (3 data blocks and 2 parity blocks) hosting
     * the actual blocks.
     * 4. If the file size is greater than one group size, 3 * BLOCK_SIZE + 123
     * for example, then the result will be like:
     * <pre>
     * BlockLocation(offset: 0, length: 3 * BLOCK_SIZE, hosts: {"host1:9866",
     *   "host2:9866","host3:9866","host4:9866","host5:9866"})
     * BlockLocation(offset: 3 * BLOCK_SIZE, length: 123, hosts: {"host1:9866",
     *   "host4:9866", "host5:9866"})
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param f - get blocklocations of this file
     * @param start position (byte offset)
     * @param len (in bytes)
     *
     * @return block locations for given file at specified offset of len
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     * 
     * RuntimeExceptions:
     * @throws InvalidPathException If path <code>f</code> is invalid
     */
    @InterfaceAudience.LimitedPrivate({ "HDFS", "MapReduce" })
    @InterfaceStability.Evolving
    public BlockLocation[] getFileBlockLocations(final Path f, final long start, final long len)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<BlockLocation[]>() {
            @Override
            public BlockLocation[] next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.getFileBlockLocations(p, start, len);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a status object describing the use and capacity of the
     * file system denoted by the Parh argument p.
     * If the file system has multiple partitions, the
     * use and capacity of the partition pointed to by the specified
     * path is reflected.
     * 
     * @param f Path for which status should be obtained. null means the
     * root partition of the default file system. 
     *
     * @return a FsStatus object
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public FsStatus getFsStatus(final Path f)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        if (f == null) {
            return defaultFS.getFsStatus();
        }
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<FsStatus>() {
            @Override
            public FsStatus next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.getFsStatus(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a symbolic link to an existing file. An exception is thrown if 
     * the symlink exits, the user does not have permission to create symlink,
     * or the underlying file system does not support symlinks.
     * 
     * Symlink permissions are ignored, access to a symlink is determined by
     * the permissions of the symlink target.
     * 
     * Symlinks in paths leading up to the final path component are resolved 
     * transparently. If the final path component refers to a symlink some 
     * functions operate on the symlink itself, these are:
     * - delete(f) and deleteOnExit(f) - Deletes the symlink.
     * - rename(src, dst) - If src refers to a symlink, the symlink is 
     *   renamed. If dst refers to a symlink, the symlink is over-written.
     * - getLinkTarget(f) - Returns the target of the symlink. 
     * - getFileLinkStatus(f) - Returns a FileStatus object describing
     *   the symlink.
     * Some functions, create() and mkdir(), expect the final path component
     * does not exist. If they are given a path that refers to a symlink that 
     * does exist they behave as if the path referred to an existing file or 
     * directory. All other functions fully resolve, ie follow, the symlink. 
     * These are: open, setReplication, setOwner, setTimes, setWorkingDirectory,
     * setPermission, getFileChecksum, setVerifyChecksum, getFileBlockLocations,
     * getFsStatus, getFileStatus, exists, and listStatus.
     * 
     * Symlink targets are stored as given to createSymlink, assuming the 
     * underlying file system is capable of storing a fully qualified URI.
     * Dangling symlinks are permitted. FileContext supports four types of 
     * symlink targets, and resolves them as follows
     * <pre>
     * Given a path referring to a symlink of form:
     * 
     *   <---X---> 
     *   fs://host/A/B/link 
     *   <-----Y----->
     * 
     * In this path X is the scheme and authority that identify the file system,
     * and Y is the path leading up to the final path component "link". If Y is
     * a symlink  itself then let Y' be the target of Y and X' be the scheme and
     * authority of Y'. Symlink targets may:
     * 
     * 1. Fully qualified URIs
     * 
     * fs://hostX/A/B/file  Resolved according to the target file system.
     * 
     * 2. Partially qualified URIs (eg scheme but no host)
     * 
     * fs:///A/B/file  Resolved according to the target file system. Eg resolving
     *                 a symlink to hdfs:///A results in an exception because
     *                 HDFS URIs must be fully qualified, while a symlink to 
     *                 file:///A will not since Hadoop's local file systems 
     *                 require partially qualified URIs.
     * 
     * 3. Relative paths
     * 
     * path  Resolves to [Y'][path]. Eg if Y resolves to hdfs://host/A and path 
     *       is "../B/file" then [Y'][path] is hdfs://host/B/file
     * 
     * 4. Absolute paths
     * 
     * path  Resolves to [X'][path]. Eg if Y resolves hdfs://host/A/B and path
     *       is "/file" then [X][path] is hdfs://host/file
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @param target the target of the symbolic link
     * @param link the path to be created that points to target
     * @param createParent if true then missing parent dirs are created if 
     *                     false then parent must exist
     *
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileAlreadyExistsException If file <code>linkcode> already exists
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>target</code> does not exist
     * @throws ParentNotDirectoryException If parent of <code>link</code> is not a
     *           directory.
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for 
     *           <code>target</code> or <code>link</code> is not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
    public void createSymlink(final Path target, final Path link, final boolean createParent)
            throws AccessControlException, FileAlreadyExistsException, FileNotFoundException,
            ParentNotDirectoryException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        if (!FileSystem.areSymlinksEnabled()) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Symlinks not supported");
        }
        final Path nonRelLink = fixRelativePart(link);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                fs.createSymlink(target, p, createParent);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, nonRelLink);
    }

    /**
     * List the statuses of the files/directories in the given path if the path is
     * a directory.
     * 
     * @param f is the path
     *
     * @return an iterator that traverses statuses of the files/directories 
     *         in the given path
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public RemoteIterator<FileStatus> listStatus(final Path f)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<RemoteIterator<FileStatus>>() {
            @Override
            public RemoteIterator<FileStatus> next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.listStatusIterator(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * @return an iterator over the corrupt files under the given path
     * (may contain duplicates if a file has more than one corrupt block)
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public RemoteIterator<Path> listCorruptFileBlocks(Path path) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        return new FSLinkResolver<RemoteIterator<Path>>() {
            @Override
            public RemoteIterator<Path> next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.listCorruptFileBlocks(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * List the statuses of the files/directories in the given path if the path is
     * a directory. 
     * Return the file's status and block locations If the path is a file.
     * 
     * If a returned status is a file, it contains the file's block locations.
     *
     * @param f is the path
     *
     * @return an iterator that traverses statuses of the files/directories 
     *         in the given path
     * If any IO exception (for example the input directory gets deleted while
     * listing is being executed), next() or hasNext() of the returned iterator
     * may throw a RuntimeException with the io exception as the cause.
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus> listLocatedStatus(final Path f)
            throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        return new FSLinkResolver<RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus>>() {
            @Override
            public RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus> next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.listLocatedStatus(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Mark a path to be deleted on JVM shutdown.
     * 
     * @param f the existing path to delete.
     *
     * @return  true if deleteOnExit is successful, otherwise false.
     *
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
     * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
     *           not supported
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     * 
     * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public boolean deleteOnExit(Path f) throws AccessControlException, IOException {
        if (!this.util().exists(f)) {
            return false;
        }
        synchronized (DELETE_ON_EXIT) {
            if (DELETE_ON_EXIT.isEmpty()) {
                ShutdownHookManager.get().addShutdownHook(FINALIZER, SHUTDOWN_HOOK_PRIORITY);
            }

            Set<Path> set = DELETE_ON_EXIT.get(this);
            if (set == null) {
                set = new TreeSet<Path>();
                DELETE_ON_EXIT.put(this, set);
            }
            set.add(f);
        }
        return true;
    }

    private final Util util;

    public Util util() {
        return util;
    }

    /**
     * Utility/library methods built over the basic FileContext methods.
     * Since this are library functions, the oprtation are not atomic
     * and some of them may partially complete if other threads are making
     * changes to the same part of the name space.
     */
    public class Util {
        /**
         * Does the file exist?
         * Note: Avoid using this method if you already have FileStatus in hand.
         * Instead reuse the FileStatus 
         * @param f the  file or dir to be checked
         *
         * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
         * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
         * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
         *           not supported
         * 
         * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
         * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
         * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
         * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
         *           undeclared exception to RPC server
         */
        public boolean exists(final Path f)
                throws AccessControlException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
            try {
                FileStatus fs = FileContext.this.getFileStatus(f);
                assert fs != null;
                return true;
            } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Return the {@link ContentSummary} of path f.
         * @param f path
         *
         * @return the {@link ContentSummary} of path f.
         *
         * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
         * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
         * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for 
         *         <code>f</code> is not supported
         * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
         * 
         * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
         * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
         * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
         * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
         *           undeclared exception to RPC server
         */
        public ContentSummary getContentSummary(Path f)
                throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
            FileStatus status = FileContext.this.getFileStatus(f);
            if (status.isFile()) {
                long length = status.getLen();
                return new ContentSummary.Builder().length(length).fileCount(1).directoryCount(0)
                        .spaceConsumed(length).build();
            }
            long[] summary = { 0, 0, 1 };
            RemoteIterator<FileStatus> statusIterator = FileContext.this.listStatus(f);
            while (statusIterator.hasNext()) {
                FileStatus s = statusIterator.next();
                long length = s.getLen();
                ContentSummary c = s.isDirectory() ? getContentSummary(s.getPath())
                        : new ContentSummary.Builder().length(length).fileCount(1).directoryCount(0)
                                .spaceConsumed(length).build();
                summary[0] += c.getLength();
                summary[1] += c.getFileCount();
                summary[2] += c.getDirectoryCount();
            }
            return new ContentSummary.Builder().length(summary[0]).fileCount(summary[1]).directoryCount(summary[2])
                    .spaceConsumed(summary[0]).build();
        }

        /**
         * See {@link #listStatus(Path[], PathFilter)}
         */
        public FileStatus[] listStatus(Path[] files)
                throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, IOException {
            return listStatus(files, DEFAULT_FILTER);
        }

        /**
         * Filter files/directories in the given path using the user-supplied path
         * filter.
         * 
         * @param f is the path name
         * @param filter is the user-supplied path filter
         *
         * @return an array of FileStatus objects for the files under the given path
         *         after applying the filter
         *
         * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
         * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
         * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for 
         *         <code>pathPattern</code> is not supported
         * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
         * 
         * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
         * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
         * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
         * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
         *           undeclared exception to RPC server
         */
        public FileStatus[] listStatus(Path f, PathFilter filter)
                throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
            ArrayList<FileStatus> results = new ArrayList<FileStatus>();
            listStatus(results, f, filter);
            return results.toArray(new FileStatus[results.size()]);
        }

        /**
         * Filter files/directories in the given list of paths using user-supplied
         * path filter.
         * 
         * @param files is a list of paths
         * @param filter is the filter
         *
         * @return a list of statuses for the files under the given paths after
         *         applying the filter
         *
         * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
         * @throws FileNotFoundException If a file in <code>files</code> does not 
         *           exist
         * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
         * 
         * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
         * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
         * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
         * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
         *           undeclared exception to RPC server
         */
        public FileStatus[] listStatus(Path[] files, PathFilter filter)
                throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, IOException {
            ArrayList<FileStatus> results = new ArrayList<FileStatus>();
            for (int i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
                listStatus(results, files[i], filter);
            }
            return results.toArray(new FileStatus[results.size()]);
        }

        /*
         * Filter files/directories in the given path using the user-supplied path
         * filter. Results are added to the given array <code>results</code>.
         */
        private void listStatus(ArrayList<FileStatus> results, Path f, PathFilter filter)
                throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, IOException {
            FileStatus[] listing = listStatus(f);
            if (listing != null) {
                for (int i = 0; i < listing.length; i++) {
                    if (filter.accept(listing[i].getPath())) {
                        results.add(listing[i]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * List the statuses of the files/directories in the given path 
         * if the path is a directory.
         * 
         * @param f is the path
         *
         * @return an array that contains statuses of the files/directories 
         *         in the given path
         *
         * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
         * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
         * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code> is
         *           not supported
         * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
         * 
         * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
         * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
         * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
         * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
         *           undeclared exception to RPC server
         */
        public FileStatus[] listStatus(final Path f)
                throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
            final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
            return new FSLinkResolver<FileStatus[]>() {
                @Override
                public FileStatus[] next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                        throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                    return fs.listStatus(p);
                }
            }.resolve(FileContext.this, absF);
        }

        /**
         * List the statuses and block locations of the files in the given path.
         * 
         * If the path is a directory, 
         *   if recursive is false, returns files in the directory;
         *   if recursive is true, return files in the subtree rooted at the path.
         *   The subtree is traversed in the depth-first order.
         * If the path is a file, return the file's status and block locations.
         * Files across symbolic links are also returned.
         * 
         * @param f is the path
         * @param recursive if the subdirectories need to be traversed recursively
         *
         * @return an iterator that traverses statuses of the files
         * If any IO exception (for example a sub-directory gets deleted while
         * listing is being executed), next() or hasNext() of the returned iterator
         * may throw a RuntimeException with the IO exception as the cause.
         *
         * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
         * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>f</code> does not exist
         * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for <code>f</code>
         *         is not supported
         * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
         * 
         * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
         * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
         * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
         * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
         *           undeclared exception to RPC server
         */
        public RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus> listFiles(final Path f, final boolean recursive)
                throws AccessControlException, FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
            return new RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus>() {
                private Stack<RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus>> itors = new Stack<RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus>>();
                RemoteIterator<LocatedFileStatus> curItor = listLocatedStatus(f);
                LocatedFileStatus curFile;

                /**
                 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if the iterator has more files.
                 *
                 * @return <tt>true</tt> if the iterator has more files.
                 * @throws AccessControlException if not allowed to access next
                 *                                file's status or locations
                 * @throws FileNotFoundException if next file does not exist any more
                 * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException if next file's 
                 *                                        fs is unsupported
                 * @throws IOException for all other IO errors
                 *                     for example, NameNode is not avaialbe or
                 *                     NameNode throws IOException due to an error
                 *                     while getting the status or block locations
                 */
                @Override
                public boolean hasNext() throws IOException {
                    while (curFile == null) {
                        if (curItor.hasNext()) {
                            handleFileStat(curItor.next());
                        } else if (!itors.empty()) {
                            curItor = itors.pop();
                        } else {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                    return true;
                }

                /**
                 * Process the input stat.
                 * If it is a file, return the file stat.
                 * If it is a directory, traverse the directory if recursive is true;
                 * ignore it if recursive is false.
                 * If it is a symlink, resolve the symlink first and then process it
                 * depending on if it is a file or directory.
                 * @param stat input status
                 * @throws AccessControlException if access is denied
                 * @throws FileNotFoundException if file is not found
                 * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException if fs is not supported
                 * @throws IOException for all other IO errors
                 */
                private void handleFileStat(LocatedFileStatus stat) throws IOException {
                    if (stat.isFile()) { // file
                        curFile = stat;
                    } else if (stat.isSymlink()) { // symbolic link
                        // resolve symbolic link
                        FileStatus symstat = FileContext.this.getFileStatus(stat.getSymlink());
                        if (symstat.isFile() || (recursive && symstat.isDirectory())) {
                            itors.push(curItor);
                            curItor = listLocatedStatus(stat.getPath());
                        }
                    } else if (recursive) { // directory
                        itors.push(curItor);
                        curItor = listLocatedStatus(stat.getPath());
                    }
                }

                /**
                 * Returns the next file's status with its block locations
                 *
                 * @throws AccessControlException if not allowed to access next
                 *                                file's status or locations
                 * @throws FileNotFoundException if next file does not exist any more
                 * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException if next file's 
                 *                                        fs is unsupported
                 * @throws IOException for all other IO errors
                 *                     for example, NameNode is not avaialbe or
                 *                     NameNode throws IOException due to an error
                 *                     while getting the status or block locations
                 */
                @Override
                public LocatedFileStatus next() throws IOException {
                    if (hasNext()) {
                        LocatedFileStatus result = curFile;
                        curFile = null;
                        return result;
                    }
                    throw new java.util.NoSuchElementException("No more entry in " + f);
                }
            };
        }

        /**
         * <p>Return all the files that match filePattern and are not checksum
         * files. Results are sorted by their names.
         * 
         * <p>
         * A filename pattern is composed of <i>regular</i> characters and
         * <i>special pattern matching</i> characters, which are:
         *
         * <dl>
         *  <dd>
         *   <dl>
         *    <p>
         *    <dt> <tt> ? </tt>
         *    <dd> Matches any single character.
         *
         *    <p>
         *    <dt> <tt> * </tt>
         *    <dd> Matches zero or more characters.
         *
         *    <p>
         *    <dt> <tt> [<i>abc</i>] </tt>
         *    <dd> Matches a single character from character set
         *     <tt>{<i>a,b,c</i>}</tt>.
         *
         *    <p>
         *    <dt> <tt> [<i>a</i>-<i>b</i>] </tt>
         *    <dd> Matches a single character from the character range
         *     <tt>{<i>a...b</i>}</tt>. Note: character <tt><i>a</i></tt> must be
         *     lexicographically less than or equal to character <tt><i>b</i></tt>.
         *
         *    <p>
         *    <dt> <tt> [^<i>a</i>] </tt>
         *    <dd> Matches a single char that is not from character set or range
         *     <tt>{<i>a</i>}</tt>.  Note that the <tt>^</tt> character must occur
         *     immediately to the right of the opening bracket.
         *
         *    <p>
         *    <dt> <tt> \<i>c</i> </tt>
         *    <dd> Removes (escapes) any special meaning of character <i>c</i>.
         *
         *    <p>
         *    <dt> <tt> {ab,cd} </tt>
         *    <dd> Matches a string from the string set <tt>{<i>ab, cd</i>} </tt>
         *    
         *    <p>
         *    <dt> <tt> {ab,c{de,fh}} </tt>
         *    <dd> Matches a string from string set <tt>{<i>ab, cde, cfh</i>}</tt>
         *
         *   </dl>
         *  </dd>
         * </dl>
         *
         * @param pathPattern a glob specifying a path pattern
         *
         * @return an array of paths that match the path pattern
         *
         * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
         * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for 
         *         <code>pathPattern</code> is not supported
         * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
         * 
         * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
         * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
         * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
         * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
         *           undeclared exception to RPC server
         */
        public FileStatus[] globStatus(Path pathPattern)
                throws AccessControlException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
            return new Globber(FileContext.this, pathPattern, DEFAULT_FILTER).glob();
        }

        /**
         * Return an array of FileStatus objects whose path names match pathPattern
         * and is accepted by the user-supplied path filter. Results are sorted by
         * their path names.
         * Return null if pathPattern has no glob and the path does not exist.
         * Return an empty array if pathPattern has a glob and no path matches it. 
         * 
         * @param pathPattern glob specifying the path pattern
         * @param filter user-supplied path filter
         *
         * @return an array of FileStatus objects
         *
         * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
         * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for 
         *         <code>pathPattern</code> is not supported
         * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
         * 
         * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
         * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
         * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
         * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
         *           undeclared exception to RPC server
         */
        public FileStatus[] globStatus(final Path pathPattern, final PathFilter filter)
                throws AccessControlException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
            return new Globber(FileContext.this, pathPattern, filter).glob();
        }

        /**
         * Copy file from src to dest. See
         * {@link #copy(Path, Path, boolean, boolean)}
         */
        public boolean copy(final Path src, final Path dst)
                throws AccessControlException, FileAlreadyExistsException, FileNotFoundException,
                ParentNotDirectoryException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
            return copy(src, dst, false, false);
        }

        /**
         * Copy from src to dst, optionally deleting src and overwriting dst.
         * @param src
         * @param dst
         * @param deleteSource - delete src if true
         * @param overwrite  overwrite dst if true; throw IOException if dst exists
         *         and overwrite is false.
         *
         * @return true if copy is successful
         *
         * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied
         * @throws FileAlreadyExistsException If <code>dst</code> already exists
         * @throws FileNotFoundException If <code>src</code> does not exist
         * @throws ParentNotDirectoryException If parent of <code>dst</code> is not
         *           a directory
         * @throws UnsupportedFileSystemException If file system for 
         *         <code>src</code> or <code>dst</code> is not supported
         * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
         * 
         * Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
         * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
         * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
         * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws 
         *           undeclared exception to RPC server
         * 
         * RuntimeExceptions:
         * @throws InvalidPathException If path <code>dst</code> is invalid
         */
        public boolean copy(final Path src, final Path dst, boolean deleteSource, boolean overwrite)
                throws AccessControlException, FileAlreadyExistsException, FileNotFoundException,
                ParentNotDirectoryException, UnsupportedFileSystemException, IOException {
            src.checkNotSchemeWithRelative();
            dst.checkNotSchemeWithRelative();
            Path qSrc = makeQualified(src);
            Path qDst = makeQualified(dst);
            checkDest(qSrc.getName(), qDst, overwrite);
            FileStatus fs = FileContext.this.getFileStatus(qSrc);
            if (fs.isDirectory()) {
                checkDependencies(qSrc, qDst);
                mkdir(qDst, FsPermission.getDirDefault(), true);
                FileStatus[] contents = listStatus(qSrc);
                for (FileStatus content : contents) {
                    copy(makeQualified(content.getPath()),
                            makeQualified(new Path(qDst, content.getPath().getName())), deleteSource, overwrite);
                }
            } else {
                EnumSet<CreateFlag> createFlag = overwrite ? EnumSet.of(CreateFlag.CREATE, CreateFlag.OVERWRITE)
                        : EnumSet.of(CreateFlag.CREATE);
                InputStream in = open(qSrc);
                try (OutputStream out = create(qDst, createFlag)) {
                    IOUtils.copyBytes(in, out, conf, true);
                } finally {
                    IOUtils.closeStream(in);
                }
            }
            if (deleteSource) {
                return delete(qSrc, true);
            } else {
                return true;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check if copying srcName to dst would overwrite an existing 
     * file or directory.
     * @param srcName File or directory to be copied.
     * @param dst Destination to copy srcName to.
     * @param overwrite Whether it's ok to overwrite an existing file. 
     * @throws AccessControlException If access is denied.
     * @throws IOException If dst is an existing directory, or dst is an 
     * existing file and the overwrite option is not passed.
     */
    private void checkDest(String srcName, Path dst, boolean overwrite) throws AccessControlException, IOException {
        try {
            FileStatus dstFs = getFileStatus(dst);
            if (dstFs.isDirectory()) {
                if (null == srcName) {
                    throw new IOException("Target " + dst + " is a directory");
                }
                // Recurse to check if dst/srcName exists.
                checkDest(null, new Path(dst, srcName), overwrite);
            } else if (!overwrite) {
                throw new IOException("Target " + new Path(dst, srcName) + " already exists");
            }
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            // dst does not exist - OK to copy.
        }
    }

    //
    // If the destination is a subdirectory of the source, then
    // generate exception
    //
    private static void checkDependencies(Path qualSrc, Path qualDst) throws IOException {
        if (isSameFS(qualSrc, qualDst)) {
            String srcq = qualSrc.toString() + Path.SEPARATOR;
            String dstq = qualDst.toString() + Path.SEPARATOR;
            if (dstq.startsWith(srcq)) {
                if (srcq.length() == dstq.length()) {
                    throw new IOException("Cannot copy " + qualSrc + " to itself.");
                } else {
                    throw new IOException("Cannot copy " + qualSrc + " to its subdirectory " + qualDst);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Are qualSrc and qualDst of the same file system?
     * @param qualPath1 - fully qualified path
     * @param qualPath2 - fully qualified path
     * @return
     */
    private static boolean isSameFS(Path qualPath1, Path qualPath2) {
        URI srcUri = qualPath1.toUri();
        URI dstUri = qualPath2.toUri();
        return (srcUri.getScheme().equals(dstUri.getScheme()) && !(srcUri.getAuthority() != null
                && dstUri.getAuthority() != null && srcUri.getAuthority().equals(dstUri.getAuthority())));
    }

    /**
     * Deletes all the paths in deleteOnExit on JVM shutdown.
     */
    static class FileContextFinalizer implements Runnable {
        @Override
        public synchronized void run() {
            processDeleteOnExit();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Resolves all symbolic links in the specified path.
     * Returns the new path object.
     */
    protected Path resolve(final Path f)
            throws FileNotFoundException, UnresolvedLinkException, AccessControlException, IOException {
        return new FSLinkResolver<Path>() {
            @Override
            public Path next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.resolvePath(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, f);
    }

    /**
     * Resolves all symbolic links in the specified path leading up 
     * to, but not including the final path component.
     * @param f path to resolve
     * @return the new path object.
     */
    protected Path resolveIntermediate(final Path f) throws IOException {
        return new FSLinkResolver<FileStatus>() {
            @Override
            public FileStatus next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                return fs.getFileLinkStatus(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, f).getPath();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the list of AbstractFileSystems accessed in the path. The list may
     * contain more than one AbstractFileSystems objects in case of symlinks.
     * 
     * @param f
     *          Path which needs to be resolved
     * @return List of AbstractFileSystems accessed in the path
     * @throws IOException
     */
    Set<AbstractFileSystem> resolveAbstractFileSystems(final Path f) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(f);
        final HashSet<AbstractFileSystem> result = new HashSet<AbstractFileSystem>();
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p)
                    throws IOException, UnresolvedLinkException {
                result.add(fs);
                fs.getFileStatus(p);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Get the statistics for a particular file system
     * 
     * @param uri
     *          the uri to lookup the statistics. Only scheme and authority part
     *          of the uri are used as the key to store and lookup.
     * @return a statistics object
     */
    public static Statistics getStatistics(URI uri) {
        return AbstractFileSystem.getStatistics(uri);
    }

    /**
     * Clears all the statistics stored in AbstractFileSystem, for all the file
     * systems.
     */
    public static void clearStatistics() {
        AbstractFileSystem.clearStatistics();
    }

    /**
     * Prints the statistics to standard output. File System is identified by the
     * scheme and authority.
     */
    public static void printStatistics() {
        AbstractFileSystem.printStatistics();
    }

    /**
     * @return Map of uri and statistics for each filesystem instantiated. The uri
     *         consists of scheme and authority for the filesystem.
     */
    public static Map<URI, Statistics> getAllStatistics() {
        return AbstractFileSystem.getAllStatistics();
    }

    /**
     * Get delegation tokens for the file systems accessed for a given
     * path.
     * @param p Path for which delegations tokens are requested.
     * @param renewer the account name that is allowed to renew the token.
     * @return List of delegation tokens.
     * @throws IOException
     */
    @InterfaceAudience.LimitedPrivate({ "HDFS", "MapReduce" })
    public List<Token<?>> getDelegationTokens(Path p, String renewer) throws IOException {
        Set<AbstractFileSystem> afsSet = resolveAbstractFileSystems(p);
        List<Token<?>> tokenList = new ArrayList<Token<?>>();
        for (AbstractFileSystem afs : afsSet) {
            List<Token<?>> afsTokens = afs.getDelegationTokens(renewer);
            tokenList.addAll(afsTokens);
        }
        return tokenList;
    }

    /**
     * Modifies ACL entries of files and directories.  This method can add new ACL
     * entries or modify the permissions on existing ACL entries.  All existing
     * ACL entries that are not specified in this call are retained without
     * changes.  (Modifications are merged into the current ACL.)
     *
     * @param path Path to modify
     * @param aclSpec List<AclEntry> describing modifications
     * @throws IOException if an ACL could not be modified
     */
    public void modifyAclEntries(final Path path, final List<AclEntry> aclSpec) throws IOException {
        Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.modifyAclEntries(p, aclSpec);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Removes ACL entries from files and directories.  Other ACL entries are
     * retained.
     *
     * @param path Path to modify
     * @param aclSpec List<AclEntry> describing entries to remove
     * @throws IOException if an ACL could not be modified
     */
    public void removeAclEntries(final Path path, final List<AclEntry> aclSpec) throws IOException {
        Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.removeAclEntries(p, aclSpec);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Removes all default ACL entries from files and directories.
     *
     * @param path Path to modify
     * @throws IOException if an ACL could not be modified
     */
    public void removeDefaultAcl(Path path) throws IOException {
        Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.removeDefaultAcl(p);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Removes all but the base ACL entries of files and directories.  The entries
     * for user, group, and others are retained for compatibility with permission
     * bits.
     *
     * @param path Path to modify
     * @throws IOException if an ACL could not be removed
     */
    public void removeAcl(Path path) throws IOException {
        Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.removeAcl(p);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Fully replaces ACL of files and directories, discarding all existing
     * entries.
     *
     * @param path Path to modify
     * @param aclSpec List<AclEntry> describing modifications, must include entries
     *   for user, group, and others for compatibility with permission bits.
     * @throws IOException if an ACL could not be modified
     */
    public void setAcl(Path path, final List<AclEntry> aclSpec) throws IOException {
        Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.setAcl(p, aclSpec);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the ACLs of files and directories.
     *
     * @param path Path to get
     * @return RemoteIterator<AclStatus> which returns each AclStatus
     * @throws IOException if an ACL could not be read
     */
    public AclStatus getAclStatus(Path path) throws IOException {
        Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        return new FSLinkResolver<AclStatus>() {
            @Override
            public AclStatus next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                return fs.getAclStatus(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Set an xattr of a file or directory.
     * The name must be prefixed with the namespace followed by ".". For example,
     * "user.attr".
     * <p/>
     * Refer to the HDFS extended attributes user documentation for details.
     *
     * @param path Path to modify
     * @param name xattr name.
     * @param value xattr value.
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public void setXAttr(Path path, String name, byte[] value) throws IOException {
        setXAttr(path, name, value, EnumSet.of(XAttrSetFlag.CREATE, XAttrSetFlag.REPLACE));
    }

    /**
     * Set an xattr of a file or directory.
     * The name must be prefixed with the namespace followed by ".". For example,
     * "user.attr".
     * <p/>
     * Refer to the HDFS extended attributes user documentation for details.
     *
     * @param path Path to modify
     * @param name xattr name.
     * @param value xattr value.
     * @param flag xattr set flag
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public void setXAttr(Path path, final String name, final byte[] value, final EnumSet<XAttrSetFlag> flag)
            throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.setXAttr(p, name, value, flag);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Get an xattr for a file or directory.
     * The name must be prefixed with the namespace followed by ".". For example,
     * "user.attr".
     * <p/>
     * Refer to the HDFS extended attributes user documentation for details.
     *
     * @param path Path to get extended attribute
     * @param name xattr name.
     * @return byte[] xattr value.
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public byte[] getXAttr(Path path, final String name) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        return new FSLinkResolver<byte[]>() {
            @Override
            public byte[] next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                return fs.getXAttr(p, name);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Get all of the xattrs for a file or directory.
     * Only those xattrs for which the logged-in user has permissions to view
     * are returned.
     * <p/>
     * Refer to the HDFS extended attributes user documentation for details.
     *
     * @param path Path to get extended attributes
     * @return Map<String, byte[]> describing the XAttrs of the file or directory
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public Map<String, byte[]> getXAttrs(Path path) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        return new FSLinkResolver<Map<String, byte[]>>() {
            @Override
            public Map<String, byte[]> next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                return fs.getXAttrs(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Get all of the xattrs for a file or directory.
     * Only those xattrs for which the logged-in user has permissions to view
     * are returned.
     * <p/>
     * Refer to the HDFS extended attributes user documentation for details.
     *
     * @param path Path to get extended attributes
     * @param names XAttr names.
     * @return Map<String, byte[]> describing the XAttrs of the file or directory
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public Map<String, byte[]> getXAttrs(Path path, final List<String> names) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        return new FSLinkResolver<Map<String, byte[]>>() {
            @Override
            public Map<String, byte[]> next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                return fs.getXAttrs(p, names);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Remove an xattr of a file or directory.
     * The name must be prefixed with the namespace followed by ".". For example,
     * "user.attr".
     * <p/>
     * Refer to the HDFS extended attributes user documentation for details.
     *
     * @param path Path to remove extended attribute
     * @param name xattr name
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public void removeXAttr(Path path, final String name) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.removeXAttr(p, name);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Get all of the xattr names for a file or directory.
     * Only those xattr names which the logged-in user has permissions to view
     * are returned.
     * <p/>
     * Refer to the HDFS extended attributes user documentation for details.
     *
     * @param path Path to get extended attributes
     * @return List<String> of the XAttr names of the file or directory
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public List<String> listXAttrs(Path path) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        return new FSLinkResolver<List<String>>() {
            @Override
            public List<String> next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                return fs.listXAttrs(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Create a snapshot with a default name.
     *
     * @param path The directory where snapshots will be taken.
     * @return the snapshot path.
     *
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     *
     * <p>Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public final Path createSnapshot(Path path) throws IOException {
        return createSnapshot(path, null);
    }

    /**
     * Create a snapshot.
     *
     * @param path The directory where snapshots will be taken.
     * @param snapshotName The name of the snapshot
     * @return the snapshot path.
     *
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     *
     * <p>Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public Path createSnapshot(final Path path, final String snapshotName) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        return new FSLinkResolver<Path>() {

            @Override
            public Path next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                return fs.createSnapshot(p, snapshotName);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Rename a snapshot.
     *
     * @param path The directory path where the snapshot was taken
     * @param snapshotOldName Old name of the snapshot
     * @param snapshotNewName New name of the snapshot
     *
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     *
     * <p>Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public void renameSnapshot(final Path path, final String snapshotOldName, final String snapshotNewName)
            throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.renameSnapshot(p, snapshotOldName, snapshotNewName);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Delete a snapshot of a directory.
     *
     * @param path The directory that the to-be-deleted snapshot belongs to
     * @param snapshotName The name of the snapshot
     *
     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurred
     *
     * <p>Exceptions applicable to file systems accessed over RPC:
     * @throws RpcClientException If an exception occurred in the RPC client
     * @throws RpcServerException If an exception occurred in the RPC server
     * @throws UnexpectedServerException If server implementation throws
     *           undeclared exception to RPC server
     */
    public void deleteSnapshot(final Path path, final String snapshotName) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.deleteSnapshot(p, snapshotName);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Set the storage policy for a given file or directory.
     *
     * @param path file or directory path.
     * @param policyName the name of the target storage policy. The list
     *                   of supported Storage policies can be retrieved
     *                   via {@link #getAllStoragePolicies}.
     */
    public void setStoragePolicy(final Path path, final String policyName) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.setStoragePolicy(path, policyName);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Unset the storage policy set for a given file or directory.
     * @param src file or directory path.
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public void unsetStoragePolicy(final Path src) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(src);
        new FSLinkResolver<Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                fs.unsetStoragePolicy(src);
                return null;
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Query the effective storage policy ID for the given file or directory.
     *
     * @param path file or directory path.
     * @return storage policy for give file.
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public BlockStoragePolicySpi getStoragePolicy(Path path) throws IOException {
        final Path absF = fixRelativePart(path);
        return new FSLinkResolver<BlockStoragePolicySpi>() {
            @Override
            public BlockStoragePolicySpi next(final AbstractFileSystem fs, final Path p) throws IOException {
                return fs.getStoragePolicy(p);
            }
        }.resolve(this, absF);
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve all the storage policies supported by this file system.
     *
     * @return all storage policies supported by this filesystem.
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public Collection<? extends BlockStoragePolicySpi> getAllStoragePolicies() throws IOException {
        return defaultFS.getAllStoragePolicies();
    }

    Tracer getTracer() {
        return tracer;
    }
}