Annotation 1 « Transaction « Spring Q&A





1. Do I want to minimize the scope of @Transactional?    stackoverflow.com

Not sure if 'scope' is the correct term here. I am using Spring for JPA transaction management (with a Hibernate underneath). My method to preform database transaction is private, but since you ...

2. understand spring xml annotation metadata?    stackoverflow.com

<context:annotation-config/>
 <context:component-scan...
this is used for class that i need to annotated with @Repository @Service @Component...
    <context:spring-configured />
<context:component-scan...
use if i need to use @Configurable
    <tx:annotation-driven ...

3. Annotation-based and xml-based transaction definitions precedence    stackoverflow.com

I couldn't find a definitive answer to this in the docs, and although there seems to be a logical answer, one can't be sure. The scenario is this - you have ...

4. Data does not persist using HIbernate with Spring's @Transactional Annotation    stackoverflow.com

I have an application that I am currently writing that will use Spring and Hibernate. In my services layer I have injected a DAO that will do some very basic CRUD-ing ...

5. @Transactional not working with spring and hibernate    stackoverflow.com

I am trying to do spring transactions with @Transactional without any success. Excerpt from my applicationContext.xml:

<context:annotation-config />
<context:component-scan base-package="hibex" />

<bean id="dataSource"
    class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource"
    p:driverClassName="org.postgresql.Driver" p:url="jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/hibex"
    ...

6. problem using @Transactional annotation    stackoverflow.com

I am trying to use the declarative transaction management feature provide by Spring. I have set the spring configs and beans as described in reference documentation (i.e including AOP, tx namespaces ...

7. Spring transactions - Mixing @Transactional with into a custom annotation    stackoverflow.com

My goal is to have some way of declaring my service classes as transactional. I dont want to leave it as an explicit declaration in spring configuration. Many times in past ...

8. Trouble using the Transactional annotation in groovy    stackoverflow.com

Has anyone had any experience with Spring transactions (class-level, with proxy, annotation-driven) not getting started in a Groovy Class? I've been struggling with an unexplained LazyInitialization exception noticed that stacktrace does ...

9. Why is it possible to save entity but not delete if transactional annotation is set to readonly=true with Hibernate?    stackoverflow.com

My class is annotated with org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional like this:

@Transactional(readOnly = true)
public class MyClass {
I then have a dao class:
@Override
public void delete(final E entity) {
    getSession().delete(entity);
}

@Override
public void save(final E ...





10. Where should I put @Transactional annotation: at an interface definition or at an implementing class?    stackoverflow.com

The question from the title in code:

@Transactional (readonly = true)
public interface FooService {
   void doSmth ();
}


public class FooServiceImpl implements FooService {
   ...
}
vs
public interface FooService {
   ...

11. Spring @Transactional annotation not working with auto-wiring?    stackoverflow.com

My application uses Spring auto-wiring to configure the beans. I have just tried adding @Transactional and the expected proxies do not seem to be called. I want the PersonalController to call ...

12. Multiple transaction managers with @Transactional annotation    stackoverflow.com

  1. We have base generic manager which is inherited by all managers. Base manager is annotated with @Transactional annotations.
  2. There are 2 groups of transactional services:
    • x.y.service1.* - have to be managed by transactionManager1
    • x.y.service2.* - have ...

13. Spring Transactional Management - Where to Place the Annotations?    stackoverflow.com

If I have a transactionally managed class, in which I have two methods e.g

void OuterMethod(Data somedata)
{
   this.InnerMethod(somedata)
}

@Transactional("mymanager")
void InnerMethod(Data somedata)
{
    //writes some things 
}
is this valid? ...

14. Spring Transaction Annotations - Execute on Success    stackoverflow.com

I'm using Spring application events within my service layer to notify the wider system when specific events occur. The issue I have is that the events are fired within a transactional ...

15. HowTo extend Spring Annotation @Transactional    stackoverflow.com

I have to use 3 different transaction managers in my webapp. So I wrote my own Annotation according to the Spring reference (Section 10.5.6.3 Custom shortcut annotations). One annotation ...

16. Setting Up Annotation Driven Transactions in Spring in @Configuration Class    stackoverflow.com

So in the latest version of Spring we are able to use the @Configuration annotation to setup our configurations for Spring. Now in JavaConfig it is possible to use the @AnnotationDrivenTx ...





17. @Transactional annotation doesn't work    stackoverflow.com

ok, enough. I couldn't make this work. I am a newbie to Spring transactions and using the @Transactional annotation in my service to manage transactions. Below is my spring bean configuration ...

18. Spring+hibernate and @Transactionl annotation, how it works?    stackoverflow.com

what is the difference between use @Transactional over a method and not use it? I write some simple test but seem to be no difference. I want to learn how to manage transaction ...

19. Spring: Annotation-driven Transaction Manager    stackoverflow.com

I'm setting up a new, JPA+Spring project. What is the difference (for me as a programmer) between:

<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager" />
and
<tx:annotation-driven mode="aspectj" transaction-manager="transactionManager" />
in my applicationContext.xml?

20. Spring & Hibernate: non transactional service methods    stackoverflow.com

I want my read methods not to use a transaction since this is just not needed at all, I only mark my create/update methods with @Transactional. But how do I do ...

21. Nested transaction on Spring    stackoverflow.com

I found some strange behavior when using nested Spring transactions: when, in the same class, a method annotated as @Transactional calls another method also annotated as @Transactional the second annotation is ...

22. Question on required persistence/transaction configuration when not using annotations    stackoverflow.com

We are using JPA/Hibernate and the Transactions via AOP, however, we are not using any annotations (all JPA configuration is in persitence and orm files and transactions are solely through AOP). ...

23. Will a transactional annotated method overridden in a sub-interface still start a transaction    stackoverflow.com

Consider this scenario for a Java application with Spring:

public interface FooDao {
    @Transactional
    void save(Foo foo);
}

public interface SecureFooDao extends FooDao {
    @Secured({Role.ADMIN})
 ...

24. The matching wildcard is strict, but no declaration can be found for element 'tx:annotation-driven'    stackoverflow.com

i try to configure JSF+Spring+hibernate and i'm tying to run a test but when i use this "tx:annotation-driven" on my application-context.xml file,i get this error: The matching wildcard is strict, ...

25. Is there something analogous to Springs @Transactional annotation available in JEE 6?    stackoverflow.com

In my company the usage of the Spring framework is discouraged and instead JEE 6 is promoted. But recently I read about Springs @Transactional annotation at Using @Transactional ...

26. Spring 3 problems with TransactionManager and annotations    stackoverflow.com

I'm trying to setup a TransactionManager in my Web Application (powered by Spring MVC 3), as I need to have one method of a component annotated as @Transactional. This is my situation:

  • web.xml: ...

27. Spring transaction configuration    stackoverflow.com

When configuring Spring transaction through xml, is it good to bind interfaces or concrete classes for transaction? I was thinking that we should have interfaces mapped for transaction handling, but ...

28. Method forwarding on methods which contain Spring's @Transactional annotation?    stackoverflow.com

I have a service implementation which looks sort of like the following:

class FooImpl implements Foo {

   @Override
   @Transactional(...)
   public void doSomething(String baz) {
   ...

29. OSGI Spring 3.0 @Transactional annotation problem    stackoverflow.com

I have a problem with using the the @Transactional annotation. I have a business service whose method is annotated with @Transactional with a propagation behavior of REQUIRED. This method may call ...

30. Annotation based transactions not working - spring 3 (Solved)    stackoverflow.com

I am trying to integrate hibernate into my first Spring web-project using annotation-based transactions. However, this does not work, as I notice on a save query not committing. This is the aop ...

31. @Transactional annotation    stackoverflow.com

is there any difference between:

  • add "@Transactional" annotation to whole class
  • add for every single method "@Transactional" annotation ?
Using spring and Hibernate ?

32. @Transactional annotation causing incompatible return types error on entity    stackoverflow.com

I have a Restful web service developed in Spring MVC which currently returns farmer information and allows for the deletion and addition of new farmers to the database. When extending the ...

33. Existence checking in Transaction in Hibernate    stackoverflow.com

I am having a similar problem to the man who posted this message in the spring forums: http://forum.springsource.org/archive/index.php/t-20943.html Basically I am writing an auto-registration feature for a website I work ...

34. Annotation @Transactional. How to rollback?    stackoverflow.com

I use this annotation successfully for Dao class. And rollback works for tests. But now I need to make rollback for real code, not just for tests. There are used specials annotations ...

35. Spring @transactional annotation usage    stackoverflow.com

If i don't put @Transactional annotation on limsservice' audit metod, audit log not persisted .But persist metod in persistenceService has allready ...

36. @EnableTransactionManagement annotation with 2 transaction managers    stackoverflow.com

I am using @Configuration annotation for configuration of spring instead of xml file. I am configuring 2 datasources with different session factory and different transaction managers. I am stuck with a ...

37. Transactions via spring annotations - readonly or not?    stackoverflow.com

I've got in my project code similar to this

@Transactional(readoOnly = true)
public void tt() {
    dd();
}

@Transactional()
public void dd() {
    gg();
}

@Transactional(readoOnly = true)
public void gg() {

}
Funtion dd ...

38. Using Custom AnnotationTransactionAttributeSource with tx:annotation-driven    stackoverflow.com

I need to use a Custom AnnotationTransactionAttributeSource in order to intercept transaction attributes. Right now, I do this using the TransactionInterceptor and injecting this in TransactionAttributeSourceAdvisor .The proxies are created using ...

39. Annotation-driven transactions w/ Java config    forum.springsource.org

Any update on when first-class support for annotiation-driven transactions in a pure Java configuration? Based on the old post below, seems it may be a while, but was wondering if maybe ...

40. Custom pointcut isn't checked for classes with @Transactional annotated methods    forum.springsource.org

Custom pointcut isn't checked for classes with @Transactional annotated methods I have a custom PointcutAdvisor (extends StaticMethodMatcherPointcutAdvisor) which implements that implements it' matches() method to match all methods that implement a ...

41. @Transactional annotation fails to deploy -- please help    forum.springsource.org

@Transactional annotation fails to deploy -- please help When I add the @Transactional annotation with any propagation setting to my DAO insert/update operations the Application fails to deploy in JBoss AS, ...

42. Propagation settings in @Transactional annotation not working    forum.springsource.org

Propagation settings in @Transactional annotation not working Hi, I am trying to test the Propagation.REQUIRED and Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW settings. Here is the service I have Code: package service; import java.util.logging.Logger; import model.BusData; ...

43. Multiple Transactions and @Transactional annotation causing exception    forum.springsource.org

Multiple Transactions and @Transactional annotation causing exception I am almost positive I am doing something stupid and I apologize if this has been asked before. I did some searching but couldn't ...

44. pointcut to match @Transactional annotated methods    forum.springsource.org

pointcut to match @Transactional annotated methods Hi, I'm working with an existing project and looking around to get a suitable pointcut to match only with @transactional annotated methods in my hundreds ...

45. Hibernate Transactions using Annotations with Spring 3 - Transaction not starting    forum.springsource.org

Hibernate Transactions using Annotations with Spring 3 - Transaction not starting Apologies if this was answered elsewhere, I looked through many notes and found no relevant solutions. I'm wiring up my ...

46. @Transactional intercepts annotated method and method it calls and calls etc...    forum.springsource.org

@Transactional intercepts annotated method and method it calls and calls etc... Spring 3 using an @Transaction(value "manager"...) <= the version that became available in spring3 to deal with multiple transaction managers ...

47. Spring3 - annotated transaction commits on All method returns    forum.springsource.org

Spring3 - annotated transaction commits on All method returns Spring3 The below code path is followed in TransactionInterceptor method invoke. Debugging line-by-line and checking the DB shows that all annotated @Transactional ...

48. @Transactional annotation in class with no interfaces    forum.springsource.org

@Transactional annotation in class with no interfaces Hello, I want to annotate some methods with @Transactional, but I don't want my class to implement an interface (since I'll probably just have ...

49. Transaction not initialized when the @Service annotation is used    forum.springsource.org

I suggest the search as this question has been answered numerous times before... check your configuration and you will probably find 2 component-scan elements 1 on the root context 1 in ...

50. @Transactional annotation in DisposableBean.destroy()    forum.springsource.org

@Transactional annotation in DisposableBean.destroy() Hello all. This may be a longshot, but is it possible to do data access (open a transaction, do some DB work, commit the transaction) from within ...

51. @Transactional annotation documentation    forum.springsource.org

@Transactional annotation documentation I see the JDK5 @Transactional annotation in Spring 1.2.1, but I don't see any mention of it in the v.1.2.1 Reference Documentation. Is there a reason for this ...

52. Having issues with Transaction Annotations    forum.springsource.org

Having issues with Transaction Annotations Hello, I'm struggling with trx annotations using Spring 1.2.2. It seems to work with some interfaces but not others and I have no idea why. I ...

53. Transactional annotations vs BeanNameAutoProxyCreator    forum.springsource.org

Hi, could you please help me? We have about 50 interfaces, where almost every method needs to be wrapped into transaction. We currently use BeanNameAutoProxyCreator. But I see everywhere spring team ...

54. @Transactional annotation and tests.    forum.springsource.org

Hi, Seems default rollback rule in AbstractTransactionalSpringContextTests doesn't apply when class under test is annotated by @Transactional. In my logs I have: Code: DEBUG org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor - Invoking commit for transaction on ...

55. Transactional Annotation 'kills' ManagedResource annotation    forum.springsource.org

Transactional Annotation 'kills' ManagedResource annotation Hi all, I've go an issue whereby if I do this: Code: @Transactional(rollbackFor = { Exception.class }) @ManagedResource(objectName = "bean:name=MarketDataService", description = "MarketDataService") public class ServiceImpl ...

56. Migrating from 1.2.6 to 2.0 annotation driven transactions / Trouble with AbstractTra    forum.springsource.org

Migrating from 1.2.6 to 2.0 annotation driven transactions / Trouble with AbstractTra Hi Folks - I'm blindly stumbling my way through trying to go from the well-documented 1.2.6 way of transactionManager ...

57. Transactions and annotations    forum.springsource.org

Transactions and annotations I'm banging my head against transactional annotations combined with configurable. Here is what I mean: I have a class: @Configurable(autowire=Autowire.BY_NAME,dependency Check=true) public class SimpleCreationAction { @Transactional (propagation=Propagation.REQUIRED) public ...

58. Annotation transaction and aspects    forum.springsource.org

I'm curious about the scope of transactions declared via annotations on a method. If I place a before() or afterReturning() aspect on a method that is @Transactional, will the aspect participate ...

59. how can i get src about org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Annotat ionTransact    forum.springsource.org

I have no 1.2.5 at hand, only 1.2.7, but should be the same. Have a look into the "tiger" subfolder. There are the JDK5 related sources. Regards, Andreas

60. Transaction rollback with hibernate annotations    forum.springsource.org

Transaction rollback with hibernate annotations Hi, I'm not sure if this is a problem more related to Hibernate than to Spring but I'll try anyway: I'm using Hibernate version: 3.2.0.cr1 and ...

61. Annotated transactions not being applied (and SET TRANSACTION bug with Oracle)    forum.springsource.org

May 8th, 2006, 12:51 PM #1 SamCarr View Profile View Forum Posts Private Message Junior Member Join Date May 2006 Location St Albans Posts 7 Annotated transactions not being applied (and ...

62. transactional Annotations and AbstractFormControllers    forum.springsource.org

transactional Annotations and AbstractFormControllers Hi all, I've been trying to get this working and finding a lot of issue.s Comments welcome. My basic setup is that I have a decendant of ...

63. @Transactional annotation not starting transaction    forum.springsource.org

I'm having difficulty getting Spring's (2.0-rc2) @Transactional annotation to be recognized by spring. I have an interface defines as follows: Code: public interface AppController { Object execute(...) } Then, I define ...

64. Problems with transaction annotations    forum.springsource.org

Aug 30th, 2006, 01:14 AM #1 Blair View Profile View Forum Posts Private Message Junior Member Join Date Aug 2006 Posts 26 Problems with transaction annotations ok, this is from a ...

65. Combining Hibernate3 and Source Annotated Transactions    forum.springsource.org

I want to use Source Annotations for Declarative Transaction Demarcation (Spring 1.2.8 Reference Docs, 8.5.1.1) with Hibernate3 Declarative Transaction Demarcation (Spring 1.2.8 Reference Docs, 12.2.7), but they seem to be set ...

66. RC2->RC3 - BeanCurrentlyInCreationException with tx:annotation-driven transactions    forum.springsource.org

RC2->RC3 - BeanCurrentlyInCreationException with tx:annotation-driven transactions Upon upgrade of spring from rc2 to rc3, I get the following problem with the below configuration Code:

67. With 2.0: Mixing @Transactional and custom annotation fails...    forum.springsource.org

With 2.0: Mixing @Transactional and custom annotation fails... I have some methods that are annotated with @Transactional and my own spring AOP annotation. After upgrading to Spring 2.0 I get the ...

68. Problem with Annotation based nested transaction.    forum.springsource.org

Problem with Annotation based nested transaction. Hi I am newbie to transactions. It will be great if some one let me know if I am doing any thing wrong. I am ...

69. Annotated transactions    forum.springsource.org

Annotated transactions Hi all, I'm trying to set up a transaction to work on a method that should make an hotel reservation after having performed a check on the availability. The ...

70. Help: @Transactional annotation not working for me    forum.springsource.org

Jan 15th, 2007, 06:50 PM #1 chubbard View Profile View Forum Posts Private Message Junior Member Join Date Dec 2006 Posts 11 Help: @Transactional annotation not working for me I'm trying ...

71. @Transactional annotation in an InitializingBean    forum.springsource.org

I am using spring mvc +hibernate I use @Transactional annotation with OSIV and everything works well in the webapp. but I also have an InitializingBean which gets and updates some objects ...

72. Annotated transactions and exceptions    forum.springsource.org

Annotated transactions and exceptions Hello, I am using annotations to mark transaction boundaries in my web application using Spring and Hibernate. Note that I am using the versioning capability of Hibernate. ...

73. Spring and JAXWS: No mixing of @Webmethod and @Transactional Annotations allowed    forum.springsource.org

May 31st, 2007, 05:14 AM #1 meph View Profile View Forum Posts Private Message Visit Homepage Junior Member Join Date Mar 2006 Location Jena (Germany) Posts 12 Spring and JAXWS: No ...

74. Committ problems with @Transactional annotations    forum.springsource.org

Originally Posted by karldmoore If you are using Hibernate, shouldn't you be using the HibernateTransactionManager instead? Also you've marked the transaction as readOnly but you want to commit? The problem is ...

75. Transaction Annotations Rollback does not works    forum.springsource.org

Transaction Annotations Rollback does not works Here is my program which is using Transaction Annotation public class UserSpringDao extends HibernateDaoSupport { /* * make this transaction to insert records * */ ...

76. Spring JPA Hibernate Annotations Transaction Problems.    forum.springsource.org

Spring JPA Hibernate Annotations Transaction Problems. Hello there, The core of the issue is inconsistent Spring/Hibernate transaction behavior when NOT using the JpaTemplate/JpaDaoSupport. I have been trying this for more than ...

77. JPATransactionManager and @Transactional annotation - Error and pretty desperate :)    forum.springsource.org

JPATransactionManager and @Transactional annotation - Error and pretty desperate :) Hi All, We are running Spring 2.0.5 on Active MQ 4.1.1 and tomcat and we have kind of hit a road ...

78. ClassCastException When using @Transactional annotation.    forum.springsource.org

ClassCastException When using @Transactional annotation. Hi I am currently having trouble persisting data from within a form controller. I am using JPA annotations and would like to use the @Transactional annotation ...

79. can't use @Transaction-annotation in combinations with a @Reousrce-annotations    forum.springsource.org

can't use @Transaction-annotation in combinations with a @Reousrce-annotations I'm using a hibernate based DAO class when I place @Transaction-annotation on some of it's methods spring gets the following exception: Code: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: ...

80. @Transactional annotation doesn't work without explicit registration in XML    forum.springsource.org

Hi, I had the same problem and tried al sorts of combinations. Eventually I got it working by putting all my config in the -servlet.xml configuration starting the config with the ...

81. Problem with @Transactional annotation and rollback    forum.springsource.org

Problem with @Transactional annotation and rollback Hi, I'm using Spring 2.5.1 and Hibernate 3.2.5. Here a small JUnit test: Code: @TransactionConfiguration(defaultRollback = false) public class TransactionTest extends AbstractSpringTest { private void ...

82. Synchronization and @Transactional annotation    forum.springsource.org

Code: public interface IAdminFasade { @Transactional(readOnly = false, propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED) void test(); void testSynch(); } public class AdminFasade implements IAdminFasade { private static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(AdminFasade.class); private IEntityDAO entityDAO; ...

83. Transactions - Mixing aspect and annotations    forum.springsource.org

Transactions - Mixing aspect and annotations I'm trying to get the best of both worlds for transactions - aspects and annotations. I have a default aspect apply 'required' to all bean ...

84. Annotation based transactions    forum.springsource.org

Annotation based transactions Hi, I'm trying to configure a simple test program to use annotation based transaction configuration. I got it to wrok using the old Spring 1.x way (= using ...

85. @Transactional annotation is ignored    forum.springsource.org

@Transactional annotation is ignored I have a simple DAO that uses JPA. EntityManager is injected by Spring PersistenceAnnotationBeanPostProcessor. The DAO class is annotated with @Transactional. The problem is that when a ...

86. Multiple transaction managers with @Transactional annotation    forum.springsource.org

Multiple transaction managers with @Transactional annotation It's been discussed before but here goes. Basically I have multiple transaction managers set up for multiple sessions factories. I want to use the Transactional ...

87. SimpleFormController subclasses: annotating methods with Transactional has no effect    forum.springsource.org

Jun 3rd, 2008, 09:58 AM #1 ikalatch View Profile View Forum Posts Private Message Junior Member Join Date Oct 2007 Posts 1 SimpleFormController subclasses: annotating methods with Transactional has no effect ...

88. @Transactional annotations on internal methods    forum.springsource.org

@Transactional annotations on internal methods Hello! I encountered a problem with @Transactional annotation on internal methods. I tested to cases: 1. (cglib proxies) If @Transactional annotation is present ...

90. Spring Annotation Driven Transaction Blunder    forum.springsource.org

Spring Annotation Driven Transaction Blunder When we upgraded 2.0 to spring 2.5.4 were unable to persist JPA Entities. This was because spring no longer will load both of the transaction managers. ...

91. @Transactional annotation    forum.springsource.org

@Transactional annotation I try to use annotation in spring ,I added @Transactional in class file and f i added in application context then system throws error message as follow and ...

92. Can't get annotation Transactional work    forum.springsource.org

Can't get annotation Transactional work I can not get Transactional-annotation work, hope someone can take a look. ApplicationContext.xml Code:

93. schedulerFactoryBean and annotation transactional    forum.springsource.org

It 'been called the scheduler through the schedulerFactoryBean setting the parameters of datasource, transactionManager and application context. When in a job do generate a new instance of a bean scope protorype ...

94. How do i declare multiple annotation-driven transaction    forum.springsource.org

FOUND ANSWER - http://forum.springframework.org/sho...otation-driven Hi, i have a spring based web app that needs tx mgrs to several different tx managers. How do i add txMgr2 and txMgr3 to ...

95. @Transactional annotation and rollbacks    forum.springsource.org

@Transactional annotation and rollbacks I am using the Transactional annotation in my code to define transaction boundaries, and I want to define a checked exception (not a subclass of RuntimeException) as ...

96. Using my own @Transactional annotations    forum.springsource.org

Hi- I'm looking for the simplest means to use Spring's transaction management with annotations, but I need to use my own annotations. (I don't want to import Spring anntotations into my ...

97. using @transaction annotation    forum.springsource.org

using @transaction annotation I want to understand usage of @Transaction annotation. All my service classes are annotated with transaction. this makes all spring to start transaction before any method in my ...

98. Using transactional annotation on base classes    forum.springsource.org

Hi, Suppose I have the following base class: Code: @Transactional class MyBaseClass { ... public void delete { ... dao invocations here ... } ... } and the following extended class ...

99. Annotations with multiple transaction manager    forum.springsource.org

Hello, I would like to use the transaction annotations in my beans. The problem is that I have two transaction managers. I am defining the two tx managers in my application ...

100. Spring, Spring Integration, transactions and annotations    forum.springsource.org

Spring, Spring Integration, transactions and annotations Hi, I have a very strange problem. Although I don't have an example to reproduce this yet (which I'm creating) I thought I would ask ...