org.openmrs16.Concept.java Source code

Java tutorial

Introduction

Here is the source code for org.openmrs16.Concept.java

Source

/**
 * The contents of this file are subject to the OpenMRS Public License
 * Version 1.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://license.openmrs.org
 *
 * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
 * basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 * License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
 * under the License.
 *
 * Copyright (C) OpenMRS, LLC.  All Rights Reserved.
 */
package org.openmrs16;

import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Vector;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
import org.openmrs.Attributable;
import org.openmrs.Auditable;
import org.openmrs.BaseOpenmrsObject;
import org.openmrs.Obs;
import org.openmrs.Retireable;
import org.openmrs.User;
import org.openmrs.api.ConceptService;
import org.openmrs.api.context.Context;
import org.openmrs.util.LocaleUtility;
import org.simpleframework.xml.Attribute;
import org.simpleframework.xml.Element;
import org.simpleframework.xml.ElementList;
import org.simpleframework.xml.Root;

/**
 * A Concept object can represent either a question or an answer to a data point. That data point is
 * usually an {@link Obs}. <br/>
 * <br/>
 * A Concept can have multiple names and multiple descriptions within one locale and across multiple
 * locales.<br/>
 * <br/>
 * To save a Concept to the database, first build up the Concept object in java, then pass that
 * object to the {@link ConceptService}.<br/>
 * <br/>
 * To get a Concept that is stored in the database, call a method in the {@link ConceptService} to
 * fetch an object. To get child objects off of that Concept, further calls to the
 * {@link ConceptService} or the database are not needed. e.g. To get the list of answers that are
 * stored to a concept, get the concept, then call {@link Concept#getAnswers()}
 * 
 * @see ConceptName
 * @see ConceptNameTag
 * @see ConceptDescription
 * @see ConceptAnswer
 * @see ConceptSet
 * @see ConceptMap
 * @see ConceptService
 */
@Root
public class Concept extends BaseOpenmrsObject
        implements Auditable, Retireable, java.io.Serializable, Attributable<Concept> {

    public static final long serialVersionUID = 57332L;

    private static final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(Concept.class);

    // Fields

    private Integer conceptId;

    private Boolean retired = false;

    private User retiredBy;

    private Date dateRetired;

    private String retireReason;

    private ConceptDatatype datatype;

    private ConceptClass conceptClass;

    private Boolean set = false;

    private String version;

    private User creator;

    private Date dateCreated;

    private User changedBy;

    private Date dateChanged;

    private Collection<ConceptName> names;

    private Collection<ConceptAnswer> answers;

    private Collection<ConceptSet> conceptSets;

    private Collection<ConceptDescription> descriptions;

    private Collection<ConceptMap> conceptMappings;

    /**
     * A cache of locales to names which have compatible locales. Built on-the-fly by
     * getCompatibleNames().
     */
    private Map<Locale, List<ConceptName>> compatibleCache;

    /** default constructor */
    public Concept() {
        names = new HashSet<ConceptName>();
        answers = new HashSet<ConceptAnswer>();
        conceptSets = new HashSet<ConceptSet>();
        descriptions = new HashSet<ConceptDescription>();
        conceptMappings = new HashSet<ConceptMap>();
    }

    /**
     * /** Convenience constructor with conceptid to save to {@link #setConceptId(Integer)}. This
     * effectively creates a concept stub that can be used to make other calls. Because the
     * {@link #equals(Object)} and {@link #hashCode()} methods rely on conceptId, this allows a stub
     * to masquerade as a full concept as long as other objects like {@link #getAnswers()} and
     * {@link #getNames()} are not needed/called.
     * 
     * @param conceptId the concept id to set
     */
    public Concept(Integer conceptId) {
        this.conceptId = conceptId;
    }

    /**
     * Possibly used for decapitating a ConceptNumeric (to remove the row in concept_numeric)
     * 
     * @param cn
     * @deprecated
     */
    public Concept(ConceptNumeric cn) {
        conceptId = cn.getConceptId();
        retired = cn.isRetired();
        datatype = cn.getDatatype();
        conceptClass = cn.getConceptClass();
        version = cn.getVersion();
        creator = cn.getCreator();
        dateCreated = cn.getDateCreated();
        changedBy = cn.getChangedBy();
        dateChanged = cn.getDateChanged();
        names = cn.getNames();
        descriptions = cn.getDescriptions();
        answers = cn.getAnswers(true);
        conceptSets = cn.getConceptSets();
        conceptMappings = cn.getConceptMappings();
        setUuid(cn.getUuid());
    }

    /**
     * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
     * @should not fail if given obj has null conceptid
     * @should not fail if given obj is null
     * @should not fail if concept id is null
     * @should confirm two new concept objects are equal
     */
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (obj == null)
            return false;
        if (obj instanceof Concept) {
            Concept c = (Concept) obj;
            if (getConceptId() == null && c.getConceptId() == null)
                return this == obj;
            if (getConceptId() != null)
                return (this.getConceptId().equals(c.getConceptId()));
        }
        return this == obj;
    }

    /**
     * @see java.lang.Object#hashCode()
     * @should not fail if concept id is null
     */
    public int hashCode() {
        if (this.getConceptId() == null)
            return super.hashCode();
        int hash = 8;
        hash = 31 * this.getConceptId() + hash;
        return hash;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the non-retired answers.
     * @should not return retired answers
     * @should not return null if no answers defined
     */
    @ElementList
    public Collection<ConceptAnswer> getAnswers() {
        Collection<ConceptAnswer> newAnswers = new HashSet<ConceptAnswer>();
        for (ConceptAnswer ca : answers) {
            if (!ca.getAnswerConcept().isRetired())
                newAnswers.add(ca);
        }
        return newAnswers;
    }

    /**
     * TODO describe use cases
     * 
     * @param locale
     * @return the answers for this concept sorted according to ConceptAnswerComparator
     */
    public Collection<ConceptAnswer> getSortedAnswers(Locale locale) {
        Vector<ConceptAnswer> sortedAnswers = new Vector<ConceptAnswer>(getAnswers());
        Collections.sort(sortedAnswers, new ConceptAnswerComparator(locale));
        return sortedAnswers;
    }

    /**
     * If <code>includeRetired</code> is true, then the returned object is the actual stored list of
     * {@link ConceptAnswer}s (which may be null.)
     * 
     * @param includeRetired true/false whether to also include the retired answers
     * @return Returns the answers for this Concept
     * @should return actual answers object if given includeRetired is true
     */
    public Collection<ConceptAnswer> getAnswers(boolean includeRetired) {
        if (includeRetired == false)
            return getAnswers();
        return answers;
    }

    /**
     * Set this Concept as having the given <code>answers</code>
     * 
     * @param answers The answers to set.
     */
    @ElementList
    public void setAnswers(Collection<ConceptAnswer> answers) {
        this.answers = answers;
    }

    /**
     * Add the given ConceptAnswer to the list of answers for this Concept
     * 
     * @param conceptAnswer
     * @should add the ConceptAnswer to Concept
     * @should not fail if answers list is null
     * @should not fail if answers contains ConceptAnswer already
     */
    public void addAnswer(ConceptAnswer conceptAnswer) {
        if (conceptAnswer != null) {
            if (getAnswers(true) == null) {
                answers = new HashSet<ConceptAnswer>();
                conceptAnswer.setConcept(this);
                answers.add(conceptAnswer);
            } else if (!answers.contains(conceptAnswer)) {
                conceptAnswer.setConcept(this);
                answers.add(conceptAnswer);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Remove the given answer from the list of answers for this Concept
     * 
     * @param conceptAnswer answer to remove
     * @return true if the entity was removed, false otherwise
     * @should not fail if answers is empty
     * @should not fail if given answer does not exist in list
     */
    public boolean removeAnswer(ConceptAnswer conceptAnswer) {
        if (getAnswers() != null)
            return answers.remove(conceptAnswer);
        else
            return false;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the changedBy.
     */
    @Element(required = false)
    public User getChangedBy() {
        return changedBy;
    }

    /**
     * @param changedBy The changedBy to set.
     */
    @Element(required = false)
    public void setChangedBy(User changedBy) {
        this.changedBy = changedBy;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the conceptClass.
     */
    @Element
    public ConceptClass getConceptClass() {
        return conceptClass;
    }

    /**
     * @param conceptClass The conceptClass to set.
     */
    @Element
    public void setConceptClass(ConceptClass conceptClass) {
        this.conceptClass = conceptClass;
    }

    /**
     * whether or not this concept is a set
     */
    public Boolean isSet() {
        return set;
    }

    /**
     * @param set whether or not this concept is a set
     */
    @Attribute
    public void setSet(Boolean set) {
        this.set = set;
    }

    @Attribute
    public Boolean getSet() {
        return isSet();
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the conceptDatatype.
     */
    @Element
    public ConceptDatatype getDatatype() {
        return datatype;
    }

    /**
     * @param conceptDatatype The conceptDatatype to set.
     */
    @Element
    public void setDatatype(ConceptDatatype conceptDatatype) {
        this.datatype = conceptDatatype;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the conceptId.
     */
    @Attribute(required = true)
    public Integer getConceptId() {
        return conceptId;
    }

    /**
     * @param conceptId The conceptId to set.
     */
    @Attribute(required = true)
    public void setConceptId(Integer conceptId) {
        this.conceptId = conceptId;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the creator.
     */
    @Element
    public User getCreator() {
        return creator;
    }

    /**
     * @param creator The creator to set.
     */
    @Element
    public void setCreator(User creator) {
        this.creator = creator;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the dateChanged.
     */
    @Element(required = false)
    public Date getDateChanged() {
        return dateChanged;
    }

    /**
     * @param dateChanged The dateChanged to set.
     */
    @Element(required = false)
    public void setDateChanged(Date dateChanged) {
        this.dateChanged = dateChanged;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the dateCreated.
     */
    @Element
    public Date getDateCreated() {
        return dateCreated;
    }

    /**
     * @param dateCreated The dateCreated to set.
     */
    @Element
    public void setDateCreated(Date dateCreated) {
        this.dateCreated = dateCreated;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the preferred name for a locale. This sets tags on the concept name to indicate that it
     * is preferred for the language and country. Also, the name is added to the concept. If the
     * country is specified in the locale, then the language is considered to be only implied as
     * preferred &mdash; it will only get set if there is not an existing preferred language name.
     * 
     * @param locale the locale for which to set the preferred name
     * @param preferredName name which is preferred in the locale
     * @should only allow one preferred name
     */
    public void setPreferredName(Locale locale, ConceptName preferredName) {
        ConceptNameTag preferredLanguage = ConceptNameTag.preferredLanguageTagFor(locale);
        ConceptNameTag preferredCountry = ConceptNameTag.preferredCountryTagFor(locale);

        ConceptName currentPreferredNameInLanguage = getPreferredNameInLanguage(locale.getLanguage());

        if (preferredCountry != null) {
            if (currentPreferredNameInLanguage == null) {
                preferredName.addTag(preferredLanguage);
            }

            ConceptName currentPreferredForCountry = getPreferredNameForCountry(locale.getCountry());
            if (currentPreferredForCountry != null) {
                currentPreferredForCountry.removeTag(preferredCountry);
            }
            preferredName.addTag(preferredCountry);
        } else {
            if (currentPreferredNameInLanguage != null) {
                currentPreferredNameInLanguage.removeTag(preferredLanguage);
            }
            preferredName.addTag(preferredLanguage);
        }

        addName(preferredName);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the explicitly preferred name for a country.
     * 
     * @param country ISO-3166 two letter country code
     * @return the preferred name, or null if none has been explicitly set
     */
    public ConceptName getPreferredNameForCountry(String country) {
        return findNameTaggedWith(ConceptNameTag.preferredCountryTagFor(country));
    }

    /**
     * Gets the explicitly preferred name in a language.
     * 
     * @param language ISO-639 two letter language code
     * @return the preferred name, or null if none has been explicitly set
     */
    public ConceptName getPreferredNameInLanguage(String language) {
        return findNameTaggedWith(ConceptNameTag.preferredLanguageTagFor(language));
    }

    /**
     * A convenience method to get the concept-name (if any) which has a particular tag. This does
     * not guarantee that the returned name is the only one with the tag.
     * 
     * @param conceptNameTag the tag for which to look
     * @return the tagged name, or null if no name has the tag
     */
    public ConceptName findNameTaggedWith(ConceptNameTag conceptNameTag) {
        ConceptName taggedName = null;
        for (ConceptName possibleName : getNames()) {
            if (possibleName.hasTag(conceptNameTag)) {
                taggedName = possibleName;
                break;
            }
        }
        return taggedName;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a name in the given locale. If a name isn't found with an exact match, a compatible
     * locale match is returned. If no name is found matching either of those, the first name
     * defined for this concept is returned.
     * 
     * @param locale the locale to fetch for
     * @return ConceptName attributed to the Concept in the given locale
     * @since 1.5
     * @see Concept#getNames(Locale) to get all the names for a locale,
     * @see Concept#getPreferredName(Locale) for the preferred name (if any),
     * @see Concept#getBestName(Locale) to get the best match for a locale.
     * @should get preferred fully specified country
     */
    public ConceptName getName(Locale locale) {
        return getName(locale, false);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a name in the current User's chosen locale via Context.getLocale(). If a name isn't
     * found with an exact match, a compatible locale match is returned. If no name is found
     * matching either of those, the first name defined for this concept is returned.
     * 
     * @return {@link ConceptName} in the current locale or any locale if none found
     * @since 1.5
     * @see Concept#getNames(Locale) to get all the names for a locale
     * @see Concept#getPreferredName(Locale) for the preferred name (if any)
     * @see Concept#getBestName(Locale) to get the best match for a locale
     */
    public ConceptName getName() {
        return getName(Context.getLocale());
    }

    /**
     * Checks whether this concept has the given string in any of the names in the given locale
     * already.
     * 
     * @param name the ConceptName.name to compare to
     * @param locale the locale to look in (null to check all locales)
     * @return true/false whether the name exists already
     */
    public boolean hasName(String name, Locale locale) {
        if (name == null)
            return false;

        Collection<ConceptName> currentNames = null;
        if (locale == null)
            currentNames = getNames();
        else
            currentNames = getNames(locale);

        for (ConceptName currentName : currentNames) {
            if (name.equals(currentName.getName()))
                return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a name in the given locale. If a name isn't found with an exact match, a compatible
     * locale match is returned. If no name is found matching either of those, the first name
     * defined for this concept is returned.
     * 
     * @param locale the language and country in which the name is used
     * @param exact true/false to return only exact locale (no default locale)
     * @return the closest name in the given locale, or the first name
     * @see Concept#getNames(Locale) to get all the names for a locale,
     * @see Concept#getPreferredName(Locale) for the preferred name (if any),
     * @see Concept#getBestName(Locale) to get the best match for a locale.
     * @should return exact name locale match given exact equals true
     * @should return loose match given exact equals false
     * @should return any name if no locale match given exact equals false
     * @should not fail if no names are defined
     * @should return null if no locale match and exact equals true
     * @should support plain preferred
     */
    public ConceptName getName(Locale locale, boolean exact) {

        // fail early if this concept has no names defined
        if (getNames().size() == 0) {
            if (log.isDebugEnabled())
                log.debug("there are no names defined for: " + conceptId);
            return null;
        }

        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Getting conceptName for locale: " + locale);

        // matches on any name in the current locale, or first name available
        ConceptName bestName = getBestName(locale);

        if (exact && !bestName.getLocale().equals(locale))
            return null; // no exact match found
        else
            return bestName;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name which is explicitly marked as preferred for a given locale. If the country
     * is specified in the locale, then the language of the name must match and the name must have a
     * tag indicating that it is preferred in the locale's country. If no country is specified, then
     * the name must have a tag indicating that it is preferred in the locale's language
     * 
     * @param forLocale locale for which to return a preferred name
     * @return preferred name for the locale, or null if none is tagged as such
     * @should support plain preferred
     * @should match to best name
     */
    public ConceptName getPreferredName(Locale forLocale) {
        // fail early if this concept has no names defined
        if (getNames().size() == 0) {
            if (log.isDebugEnabled())
                log.debug("there are no names defined for: " + conceptId);
            return null;
        }

        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Getting preferred conceptName for locale: " + forLocale);

        ConceptName preferredName = null; // name which exactly match the locale
        // and is preferred
        if (forLocale == null)
            forLocale = Context.getLocale(); // Don't presume en_US;

        ConceptNameTag desiredLanguageTag = ConceptNameTag.preferredLanguageTagFor(forLocale);
        ConceptNameTag desiredCountryTag = ConceptNameTag.preferredCountryTagFor(forLocale);

        for (ConceptName possibleName : getCompatibleNames(forLocale)) {
            if (forLocale.equals(possibleName.getLocale()) && possibleName.hasTag(ConceptNameTag.PREFERRED)) {
                preferredName = possibleName;
                break;
            }
            if (desiredCountryTag != null) {
                // country was specified, exact match must be preferred in country
                if (possibleName.hasTag(desiredCountryTag)) {
                    preferredName = possibleName;
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                // no country specified, so only worry about matching language
                if (possibleName.hasTag(desiredLanguageTag)) {
                    preferredName = possibleName;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if ((preferredName == null) && possibleName.hasTag(ConceptNameTag.PREFERRED)) {
                preferredName = possibleName;
            }
        }

        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            if (preferredName == null) {
                log.warn("No preferred concept name found for concept id " + conceptId + " in locale " + forLocale);
            }
        }

        return preferredName;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the best compatible name for a locale. The names are ordered as "best" according to
     * these rules:
     * <ol>
     * <li>preferred name in matching country (for example, tagged as PREFERRED_UG for preferred in
     * Uganda)</li>
     * <li>preferred name in matching language (for example, tagged as PREFERRED_EN for preferred
     * name in English)</li>
     * <li>any name in matching country (for example, matching Uganda)</li>
     * <li>any name in matching language (for example, matching English)</li>
     * <li>first name in any matching language</li>
     * </ol>
     * 
     * @param locale the language and country in which the name is used
     * @return the best name possible {@link ConceptName}, never null
     * @should support plain preferred
     * @should always have a best name even if none match locale
     */
    public ConceptName getBestName(Locale locale) {

        // fail early if this concept has no names defined
        if (getNames().size() == 0) {
            if (log.isDebugEnabled())
                log.debug("there are no names defined for: " + conceptId);
            return null;
        }

        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Getting conceptName for locale: " + locale);

        ConceptName bestMatch = null;

        if (locale == null)
            locale = Context.getLocale(); // Don't presume en_US;

        ConceptNameTag desiredLanguageTag = ConceptNameTag.preferredLanguageTagFor(locale);
        ConceptNameTag desiredCountryTag = ConceptNameTag.preferredCountryTagFor(locale);

        List<ConceptName> compatibleNames = getCompatibleNames(locale);

        if (compatibleNames.size() == 0) {
            // no compatible names, so return first available name
            Iterator<ConceptName> nameIt = getNames().iterator();
            bestMatch = nameIt.next();
        } else if (compatibleNames.size() == 1) {
            bestMatch = compatibleNames.get(0);
        } else {
            // more than 1 choice? search through to find the "best"
            for (ConceptName possibleName : compatibleNames) {
                if (locale.equals(possibleName.getLocale()) && possibleName.hasTag(ConceptNameTag.PREFERRED)) {
                    bestMatch = possibleName;
                    break;
                }
                if (desiredCountryTag != null) {
                    // country was specified, exact match must be preferred in country
                    if (possibleName.hasTag(desiredCountryTag)) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                        break; // can't get any better than this match
                    } else if (possibleName.hasTag(desiredLanguageTag)) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                    } else if (possibleName.hasTag(ConceptNameTag.PREFERRED)) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                    } else if (bestMatch == null) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                    }
                } else {
                    // no country specified, so only worry about matching language
                    if (possibleName.hasTag(desiredLanguageTag)) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                        break;
                    } else if (possibleName.hasTag(ConceptNameTag.PREFERRED)) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                    } else if (bestMatch == null) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (bestMatch == null) {
            log.warn("No compatible concept name found for for concept id " + conceptId);
        }

        return bestMatch;

    }

    /**
     * Returns all names available in a specific locale. <br/>
     * <br/>
     * This is recommended when managing the concept dictionary.
     * 
     * @param locale locale for which names should be returned
     * @return Collection of ConceptNames with the given locale
     */
    public Collection<ConceptName> getNames(Locale locale) {
        Collection<ConceptName> localeNames = new Vector<ConceptName>();
        for (ConceptName possibleName : getNames()) {
            if (possibleName.getLocale().equals(locale)) {
                localeNames.add(possibleName);
            }
        }
        return localeNames;
    }

    /**
     * Returns all names from compatible locales. A locale is considered compatible if it is exactly
     * the same locale, or if either locale has no country specified and the language matches. <br/>
     * <br/>
     * This is recommended when presenting possible names to the use.
     * 
     * @param desiredLocale locale with which the names should be compatible
     * @return Collection of compatible names
     * @should exclude incompatible country locales
     * @should exclude incompatible language locales
     */
    public List<ConceptName> getCompatibleNames(Locale desiredLocale) {
        // lazy create the cache
        List<ConceptName> compatibleNames = null;
        if (compatibleCache == null) {
            compatibleCache = new HashMap<Locale, List<ConceptName>>();
        } else {
            compatibleNames = compatibleCache.get(desiredLocale);
        }

        if (compatibleNames == null) {
            compatibleNames = new Vector<ConceptName>();
            for (ConceptName possibleName : getNames()) {
                if (LocaleUtility.areCompatible(possibleName.getLocale(), desiredLocale)) {
                    compatibleNames.add(possibleName);
                }
            }
            compatibleCache.put(desiredLocale, compatibleNames);
        }
        return compatibleNames;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the best compatible short name for a locale. The names are ordered as "best"
     * according to these rules:
     * <ol>
     * <li>preferred short name in matching country (for example, tagged as SHORT_UG for preferred
     * short in Uganda)</li>
     * <li>preferred short name in matching language (for example, tagged as SHORT_EN for preferred
     * short name in English)</li>
     * <li>any short name in matching country (for example, tagged as SHORT and matching the Uganda)
     * </li>
     * <li>any short name in matching language (for example, tagged as SHORT and matching the
     * English)</li>
     * <li>any name matching the locale</li>
     * </ol>
     * 
     * @param locale the language and country in which the short name is used
     * @return the best short name
     * @should always return a short name even if no names are tagged as short
     */
    public ConceptName getBestShortName(Locale locale) {

        // fail early if this concept has no names defined
        if (getNames().size() == 0) {
            if (log.isDebugEnabled())
                log.debug("there are no names defined for: " + conceptId);
            return null;
        }

        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Getting short conceptName for locale: " + locale);

        ConceptName bestMatch = null;

        if (locale == null)
            locale = Context.getLocale(); // Don't presume en_US;

        ConceptNameTag desiredLanguageTag = ConceptNameTag.shortLanguageTagFor(locale);
        ConceptNameTag desiredCountryTag = ConceptNameTag.shortCountryTagFor(locale);

        List<ConceptName> compatibleNames = getCompatibleNames(locale);

        if (compatibleNames.size() == 0) {
            // no compatible names, so return first available name
            Iterator<ConceptName> nameIt = getNames().iterator();
            bestMatch = nameIt.next();
        } else if (compatibleNames.size() == 1) {
            // only 1? it must be the best
            bestMatch = compatibleNames.get(0);
        } else {
            for (ConceptName possibleName : getCompatibleNames(locale)) {
                if (desiredCountryTag != null) {
                    // country was specified, exact match must be preferred in country
                    if (possibleName.hasTag(desiredCountryTag)) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                        break;
                    } else if (possibleName.hasTag(desiredLanguageTag)) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                    } else if (possibleName.isShort()) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                    } else if (bestMatch == null) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                    }
                } else {
                    // no country specified, so only worry about matching language
                    if (possibleName.hasTag(desiredLanguageTag)) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                        break;
                    } else if (bestMatch.isShort()) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                    } else if (bestMatch == null) {
                        bestMatch = possibleName;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (bestMatch == null) {
            log.info("No compatible concept name found for default locale for concept id " + conceptId);
        }

        return bestMatch;

    }

    /**
     * Sets the short name for a locale. This sets tags on the concept name to indicate that it is
     * short for the language and country. Also, the name is added to the concept (if needed). <br/>
     * <br/>
     * If the country is specified in the locale, then the language is considered to be only implied
     * &mdash; it will only get set if there is not an existing short language name. <br/>
     * <br/>
     * If the country is not specified in the locale, then the language is considered an explicit
     * designation and the call is the equivalent of calling {@link #getShortNameInLanguage(String)}
     * .
     * 
     * @param locale the locale for which to set the short name
     * @param shortName name which is preferred in the locale
     */
    public void setShortName(Locale locale, ConceptName shortName) {
        ConceptNameTag shortLanguage = ConceptNameTag.shortLanguageTagFor(locale);
        ConceptNameTag shortCountry = ConceptNameTag.shortCountryTagFor(locale);

        ConceptName currentShortNameInLanguage = getShortNameInLanguage(locale.getLanguage());
        if (shortCountry != null) {
            if (currentShortNameInLanguage == null) {
                shortName.addTag(shortLanguage);
            }

            ConceptName currentPreferredForCountry = getPreferredNameForCountry(locale.getCountry());
            if (currentPreferredForCountry != null) {
                currentPreferredForCountry.removeTag(shortCountry);
            }
            shortName.addTag(shortCountry);
        } else {
            if (currentShortNameInLanguage != null) {
                currentShortNameInLanguage.removeTag(shortLanguage);
            }
            shortName.addTag(shortLanguage);
        }

        addName(shortName);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the explicitly specified short name for a country.
     * 
     * @param country ISO-3166 two letter country code
     * @return the short name, or null if none has been explicitly set
     */
    public ConceptName getShortNameForCountry(String country) {
        return findNameTaggedWith(ConceptNameTag.shortCountryTagFor(country));
    }

    /**
     * Gets the explicitly specified short name in a language.
     * 
     * @param language ISO-639 two letter language code
     * @return the short name, or null if none has been explicitly set
     */
    public ConceptName getShortNameInLanguage(String language) {
        return findNameTaggedWith(ConceptNameTag.shortLanguageTagFor(language));
    }

    /**
     * Gets the explicitly specified short name for a locale. The name returned depends on the
     * specificity of the locale. If country is indicated, then the name must be tagged as short in
     * that country, otherwise the name must be tagged as short in that language.
     * 
     * @param locale locale for which to return a short name
     * @return the short name, or null if none has been explicitly set
     */
    public ConceptName getShortNameInLocale(Locale locale) {
        ConceptName shortName = null;
        // ABK: country will always be non-null. Empty string (instead 
        // of null) indicates no country was specified
        String country = locale.getCountry();
        if (country.length() != 0) {
            shortName = getShortNameForCountry(country);
        } else {
            shortName = getShortNameInLanguage(locale.getLanguage());
        }
        // default to getting the name in the specific locale tagged as "short"
        if (shortName == null) {
            for (ConceptName name : getCompatibleNames(locale)) {
                if (name.hasTag(ConceptNameTag.SHORT))
                    return name;
            }
        }
        return shortName;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the preferred short form name for a locale, or if none has been identified, the
     * shortest name available in the locale.
     * 
     * @param locale the language and country in which the short name is used
     * @param exact true/false to return only exact locale (no default locale)
     * @return the appropriate short name, or null if not found
     */
    public ConceptName getShortestName(Locale locale, Boolean exact) {
        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Getting shortest conceptName for locale: " + locale);

        ConceptName foundName = null;
        ConceptName shortestName = null;

        if (locale == null)
            locale = LocaleUtility.getDefaultLocale();

        String desiredLanguage = locale.getLanguage();
        if (desiredLanguage.length() > 2)
            desiredLanguage = desiredLanguage.substring(0, 2);

        for (Iterator<ConceptName> i = getNames().iterator(); i.hasNext() && foundName == null;) {
            ConceptName possibleName = i.next();
            if ((shortestName == null) || (possibleName.getName().length() < shortestName.getName().length())) {
                shortestName = possibleName;
            }
        }

        if (foundName == null) {
            // no name with the given locale was found.
            if (exact) {
                // return null if exact match desired
                log.warn("No short concept name found for concept id " + conceptId + " for locale "
                        + locale.getDisplayName());
            } else if (shortestName != null) {
                // returning default name locale ("en") if exact match not
                // desired
                foundName = shortestName;
            } else {
                log.warn("No concept name found for default locale for concept id " + conceptId);
            }
        }

        return foundName;
    }

    /**
     * @param name A name
     * @return whether this concept has the given name in any locale
     */
    public boolean isNamed(String name) {
        for (ConceptName cn : getNames())
            if (name.equals(cn.getName()))
                return true;
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the names.
     */
    @ElementList
    public Collection<ConceptName> getNames() {
        return getNames(false);
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the names.
     * @param includeVoided Include voided ConceptNames if true.
     */
    public Collection<ConceptName> getNames(boolean includeVoided) {
        Collection<ConceptName> ret = new HashSet<ConceptName>();
        if (includeVoided) {
            if (names != null)
                return names;
            else
                return ret;
        } else {
            if (names != null) {
                for (ConceptName cn : names) {
                    if (!cn.isVoided())
                        ret.add(cn);
                }
            }
            return ret;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @param names The names to set.
     */
    @ElementList
    public void setNames(Collection<ConceptName> names) {
        this.names = names;
    }

    /**
     * Add the given ConceptName to the list of names for this Concept
     * 
     * @param conceptName
     */
    public void addName(ConceptName conceptName) {
        conceptName.setConcept(this);
        if (names == null)
            names = new HashSet<ConceptName>();
        if (conceptName != null && !names.contains(conceptName)) {
            names.add(conceptName);
            if (compatibleCache != null) {
                compatibleCache.clear(); // clear the locale cache, forcing it to be rebuilt
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Remove the given name from the list of names for this Concept
     * 
     * @param conceptName
     * @return true if the entity was removed, false otherwise
     */
    public boolean removeName(ConceptName conceptName) {
        if (names != null)
            return names.remove(conceptName);
        else
            return false;
    }

    /**
     * Finds the description of the concept using the current locale in Context.getLocale(). Returns
     * null if none found.
     * 
     * @return ConceptDescription attributed to the Concept in the given locale
     */
    public ConceptDescription getDescription() {
        return getDescription(Context.getLocale());
    }

    /**
     * Finds the description of the concept in the given locale. Returns null if none found.
     * 
     * @param locale
     * @return ConceptDescription attributed to the Concept in the given locale
     */
    public ConceptDescription getDescription(Locale locale) {
        return getDescription(locale, false);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the preferred description for a locale.
     * 
     * @param locale the language and country in which the description is used
     * @param exact true/false to return only exact locale (no default locale)
     * @return the appropriate description, or null if not found
     * @should return match on locale exactly
     * @should return match on language only
     * @should not return match on language only if exact match exists
     * @should not return language only match for exact matches
     */
    public ConceptDescription getDescription(Locale locale, boolean exact) {
        log.debug("Getting ConceptDescription for locale: " + locale);

        ConceptDescription foundDescription = null;

        if (locale == null)
            locale = LocaleUtility.getDefaultLocale();

        Locale desiredLocale = locale;

        ConceptDescription defaultDescription = null;
        for (Iterator<ConceptDescription> i = getDescriptions().iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
            ConceptDescription availableDescription = i.next();
            Locale availableLocale = availableDescription.getLocale();
            if (availableLocale.equals(desiredLocale)) {
                foundDescription = availableDescription;
                break; // skip out now because we found an exact locale match
            }
            if (!exact && LocaleUtility.areCompatible(availableLocale, desiredLocale))
                foundDescription = availableDescription;
            if (availableLocale.equals(LocaleUtility.getDefaultLocale()))
                defaultDescription = availableDescription;
        }

        if (foundDescription == null) {
            // no description with the given locale was found.
            // return null if exact match desired
            if (exact) {
                log.debug("No concept description found for concept id " + conceptId + " for locale "
                        + desiredLocale.toString());
            } else {
                // returning default description locale ("en") if exact match
                // not desired
                if (defaultDescription == null)
                    log.debug("No concept description found for default locale for concept id " + conceptId);
                else {
                    foundDescription = defaultDescription;
                }
            }
        }
        return foundDescription;
    }

    /**
     * @return the retiredBy
     */
    public User getRetiredBy() {
        return retiredBy;
    }

    /**
     * @param retiredBy the retiredBy to set
     */
    public void setRetiredBy(User retiredBy) {
        this.retiredBy = retiredBy;
    }

    /**
     * @return the dateRetired
     */
    public Date getDateRetired() {
        return dateRetired;
    }

    /**
     * @param dateRetired the dateRetired to set
     */
    public void setDateRetired(Date dateRetired) {
        this.dateRetired = dateRetired;
    }

    /**
     * @return the retireReason
     */
    public String getRetireReason() {
        return retireReason;
    }

    /**
     * @param retireReason the retireReason to set
     */
    public void setRetireReason(String retireReason) {
        this.retireReason = retireReason;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the descriptions.
     */
    @ElementList
    public Collection<ConceptDescription> getDescriptions() {
        return descriptions;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the collection of descriptions for this Concept.
     * 
     * @param descriptions the collection of descriptions
     */
    @ElementList
    public void setDescriptions(Collection<ConceptDescription> descriptions) {
        this.descriptions = descriptions;
    }

    /**
     * Add the given description to the list of descriptions for this Concept
     * 
     * @param description the description to add
     */
    public void addDescription(ConceptDescription description) {
        if (description != null) {
            if (getDescriptions() == null) {
                descriptions = new HashSet<ConceptDescription>();
                description.setConcept(this);
                descriptions.add(description);
            } else if (!descriptions.contains(description)) {
                description.setConcept(this);
                descriptions.add(description);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Remove the given description from the list of descriptions for this Concept
     * 
     * @param description the description to remove
     * @return true if the entity was removed, false otherwise
     */
    public boolean removeDescription(ConceptDescription description) {
        if (getDescriptions() != null)
            return descriptions.remove(description);
        else
            return false;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the retired.
     */
    public Boolean isRetired() {
        return retired;
    }

    /**
     * This method exists to satisfy spring and hibernates slightly bung use of Boolean object
     * getters and setters.
     * 
     * @deprecated Use the "proper" isRetired method.
     * @see org.openmrs.Concept#isRetired()
     */
    @Attribute
    public Boolean getRetired() {
        return isRetired();
    }

    /**
     * @param retired The retired to set.
     */
    @Attribute
    public void setRetired(Boolean retired) {
        this.retired = retired;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the synonyms in the given locale. Returns a list of names from the same language, or an
     * empty list if none found.
     * 
     * @param locale
     * @return Collection of ConceptNames which are synonyms for the Concept in the given locale
     */
    public Collection<ConceptName> getSynonyms(Locale locale) {
        String desiredLanguage = locale.getLanguage();
        Collection<ConceptName> syns = new Vector<ConceptName>();
        for (ConceptName possibleSynonym : getNames()) {
            if (possibleSynonym.hasTag(ConceptNameTag.SYNONYM)) {
                String lang = possibleSynonym.getLocale().getLanguage();
                if (lang.equals(desiredLanguage))
                    syns.add(possibleSynonym);
            }
        }
        log.debug("returning: " + syns);
        return syns;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the version.
     */
    @Attribute(required = false)
    public String getVersion() {
        return version;
    }

    /**
     * @param version The version to set.
     */
    @Attribute(required = false)
    public void setVersion(String version) {
        this.version = version;
    }

    /**
     * @return Returns the conceptSets.
     */
    @ElementList(required = false)
    public Collection<ConceptSet> getConceptSets() {
        return conceptSets;
    }

    /**
     * @param conceptSets The conceptSets to set.
     */
    @ElementList(required = false)
    public void setConceptSets(Collection<ConceptSet> conceptSets) {
        this.conceptSets = conceptSets;
    }

    /**
     * Whether this concept is numeric or not. This will <i>always</i> return false for concept
     * objects. ConceptNumeric.isNumeric() will then <i>always</i> return true.
     * 
     * @return false
     */
    public boolean isNumeric() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * @return the conceptMappings for this concept
     */
    @ElementList(required = false)
    public Collection<ConceptMap> getConceptMappings() {
        return conceptMappings;
    }

    /**
     * @param conceptMappings the conceptMappings to set
     */
    @ElementList(required = false)
    public void setConceptMappings(Collection<ConceptMap> conceptMappings) {
        this.conceptMappings = conceptMappings;
    }

    /**
     * Add the given ConceptMap object to this concept's list of concept mappings. If there is
     * already a corresponding ConceptMap object for this concept already, this one will not be
     * added.
     * 
     * @param newConceptMap
     */
    public void addConceptMapping(ConceptMap newConceptMap) {
        newConceptMap.setConcept(this);
        if (getConceptMappings() == null)
            conceptMappings = new HashSet<ConceptMap>();
        if (newConceptMap != null && !conceptMappings.contains(newConceptMap))
            conceptMappings.add(newConceptMap);
    }

    /**
     * Child Class ConceptComplex overrides this method and returns true. See
     * {@link org.openmrs.ConceptComplex#isComplex()}. Otherwise this method returns false.
     * 
     * @return false
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public boolean isComplex() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Remove the given ConceptMap from the list of mappings for this Concept
     * 
     * @param conceptMap
     * @return true if the entity was removed, false otherwise
     */
    public boolean removeConceptMapping(ConceptMap conceptMap) {
        if (getConceptMappings() != null)
            return conceptMappings.remove(conceptMap);
        else
            return false;
    }

    /**
     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
     */
    public String toString() {
        if (conceptId == null)
            return "";
        return conceptId.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Internal class used to sort ConceptAnswer lists. We sort answers by the concept name, which
     * requires the locale to be specified.
     */
    private class ConceptAnswerComparator implements Comparator<ConceptAnswer> {

        Locale locale;

        ConceptAnswerComparator(Locale locale) {
            this.locale = locale;
        }

        public int compare(ConceptAnswer a1, ConceptAnswer a2) {
            String n1 = a1.getConcept().getName(locale).getName();
            String n2 = a2.getConcept().getName(locale).getName();
            int c = n1.compareTo(n2);
            if (c == 0)
                c = a1.getConcept().getConceptId().compareTo(a2.getConcept().getConceptId());
            return c;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @see org.openmrs.Attributable#findPossibleValues(java.lang.String)
     */
    public List<Concept> findPossibleValues(String searchText) {
        List<Concept> concepts = new Vector<Concept>();
        try {

            /*for (ConceptWord word : Context.getConceptService().getConceptWords(searchText,
                Collections.singletonList(Context.getLocale()), false, null, null, null, null, null, null, null)) {
               concepts.add(word.getConcept());
            }*/
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // pass
        }
        return concepts;
    }

    /**
     * @see org.openmrs.Attributable#getPossibleValues()
     */
    public List<Concept> getPossibleValues() {
        try {
            /*return Context.getConceptService().getConceptsByName("");*/
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // pass
        }
        return Collections.emptyList();
    }

    /**
     * @see org.openmrs.Attributable#hydrate(java.lang.String)
     */
    public Concept hydrate(String s) {
        try {
            /*return Context.getConceptService().getConcept(Integer.valueOf(s));*/
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // pass
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Turns this concept into a very very simple serialized string
     * 
     * @see org.openmrs.Attributable#serialize()
     */
    public String serialize() {
        if (this.getConceptId() == null)
            return "";

        return "" + this.getConceptId();
    }

    /**
     * @see org.openmrs.Attributable#getDisplayString()
     */
    public String getDisplayString() {
        if (getName() == null)
            return toString();
        else
            return getName().getName();
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.5
     * @see org.openmrs.OpenmrsObject#getId()
     */
    public Integer getId() {
        return getConceptId();
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.5
     * @see org.openmrs.OpenmrsObject#setId(java.lang.Integer)
     */
    public void setId(Integer id) {
        setConceptId(id);
    }
}