com.xingcloud.xa.hbase.util.ByteUtils.java Source code

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/**
 * Copyright 2010 The Apache Software Foundation
 *
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package com.xingcloud.xa.hbase.util;

import org.apache.commons.lang.RandomStringUtils;

import java.io.DataInput;
import java.io.DataOutput;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.Arrays;

/**
 * Utility class that handles byte arrays, conversions to/from other types, comparisons, hash code generation,
 * manufacturing keys for HashMaps or HashSets, etc.
 */
public class ByteUtils {

    public static final String DEFAULT_CHARSET = "UTF-8";
    public static final byte[] EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY = new byte[0];

    /**
     * Size of boolean in bytes
     */
    public static final int SIZEOF_BOOLEAN = Byte.SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

    /**
     * Size of byte in bytes
     */
    public static final int SIZEOF_BYTE = SIZEOF_BOOLEAN;

    /**
     * Size of char in bytes
     */
    public static final int SIZEOF_CHAR = Character.SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

    /**
     * Size of double in bytes
     */
    public static final int SIZEOF_DOUBLE = Double.SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

    /**
     * Size of float in bytes
     */
    public static final int SIZEOF_FLOAT = Float.SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

    /**
     * Size of int in bytes
     */
    public static final int SIZEOF_INT = Integer.SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

    /**
     * Size of long in bytes
     */
    public static final int SIZEOF_LONG = Long.SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

    /**
     * Size of short in bytes
     */
    public static final int SIZEOF_SHORT = Short.SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

    /**
     * Estimate of size cost to pay beyond payload in jvm for instance of byte []. Estimate based on study of jhat and
     * jprofiler numbers.
     */
    // JHat says BU is 56 bytes.
    // SizeOf which uses java.lang.instrument says 24 bytes. (3 longs?)
    public static final int ESTIMATED_HEAP_TAX = 16;

    /**
     * Put bytes at the specified byte array position.
     *
     * @param tgtBytes  the byte array
     * @param tgtOffset position in the array
     * @param srcBytes  array to write out
     * @param srcOffset source offset
     * @param srcLength source length
     * @return incremented offset
     */
    public static int putBytes(byte[] tgtBytes, int tgtOffset, byte[] srcBytes, int srcOffset, int srcLength) {
        System.arraycopy(srcBytes, srcOffset, tgtBytes, tgtOffset, srcLength);
        return tgtOffset + srcLength;
    }

    /**
     * Write a single byte out to the specified byte array position.
     *
     * @param bytes  the byte array
     * @param offset position in the array
     * @param b      byte to write out
     * @return incremented offset
     */
    public static int putByte(byte[] bytes, int offset, byte b) {
        bytes[offset] = b;
        return offset + 1;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new byte array, copied from the passed ByteBuffer.
     *
     * @param bb A ByteBuffer
     * @return the byte array
     */
    public static byte[] toBytes(ByteBuffer bb) {
        int length = bb.limit();
        byte[] result = new byte[length];
        System.arraycopy(bb.array(), bb.arrayOffset(), result, 0, length);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @param b Presumed UTF-8 encoded byte array.
     * @return String made from <code>b</code>
     */
    public static String toString(final byte[] b) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        if (b == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return toString(b, 0, b.length);
    }

    /**
     * Joins two byte arrays together using a separator.
     *
     * @param b1  The first byte array.
     * @param sep The separator to use.
     * @param b2  The second byte array.
     */
    public static String toString(final byte[] b1, String sep, final byte[] b2)
            throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        return toString(b1, 0, b1.length) + sep + toString(b2, 0, b2.length);
    }

    /**
     * This method will convert utf8 encoded bytes into a string. If an UnsupportedEncodingException occurs, this method
     * will eat it and return null instead.
     *
     * @param b   Presumed UTF-8 encoded byte array.
     * @param off offset into array
     * @param len length of DEFAULT_CHARSET sequence
     * @return String made from <code>b</code> or null
     */
    public static String toString(final byte[] b, int off, int len) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        if (b == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (len == 0) {
            return "";
        }
        try {
            return new String(b, off, len, DEFAULT_CHARSET);
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            throw e;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Write a printable representation of a byte array.
     *
     * @param b byte array
     * @return string
     * @see #toStringBinary(byte[], int, int)
     */
    public static String toStringBinary(final byte[] b) {
        if (b == null)
            return "null";
        return toStringBinary(b, 0, b.length);
    }

    /**
     * Converts the given byte buffer, from its array offset to its limit, to a string. The position and the mark are
     * ignored.
     *
     * @param buf a byte buffer
     * @return a string representation of the buffer's binary contents
     */
    public static String toStringBinary(ByteBuffer buf) {
        if (buf == null)
            return "null";
        return toStringBinary(buf.array(), buf.arrayOffset(), buf.limit());
    }

    /**
     * Write a printable representation of a byte array. Non-printable characters are hex escaped in the format \\x%02X,
     * eg: \x00 \x05 etc
     *
     * @param b   array to write out
     * @param off offset to start at
     * @param len length to write
     * @return string output
     */
    public static String toStringBinary(final byte[] b, int off, int len) {
        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = off; i < off + len; ++i) {
            int ch = b[i] & 0xFF;
            if ((ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') || (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
                    || " `~!@#$%^&*()-_=+[]{}|;:'\",.<>/?".indexOf(ch) >= 0) {
                result.append((char) ch);
            } else {
                result.append(String.format("\\x%02X", ch));
            }
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    private static boolean isHexDigit(char c) {
        return (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') || (c >= '0' && c <= '9');
    }

    /**
     * Takes a ASCII digit in the range A-F0-9 and returns the corresponding integer/ordinal value.
     *
     * @param ch The hex digit.
     * @return The converted hex value as a byte.
     */
    public static byte toBinaryFromHex(byte ch) {
        if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'F')
            return (byte) ((byte) 10 + (byte) (ch - 'A'));
        // else
        return (byte) (ch - '0');
    }

    public static byte[] toBytesBinary(String in) {
        // this may be bigger than we need, but let's be safe.
        byte[] b = new byte[in.length()];
        int size = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < in.length(); ++i) {
            char ch = in.charAt(i);
            if (ch == '\\' && in.length() > i + 1 && in.charAt(i + 1) == 'x') {
                // ok, take next 2 hex digits.
                char hd1 = in.charAt(i + 2);
                char hd2 = in.charAt(i + 3);

                // they need to be A-F0-9:
                if (!isHexDigit(hd1) || !isHexDigit(hd2)) {
                    // bogus escape code, ignore:
                    continue;
                }
                // turn hex ASCII digit -> number
                byte d = (byte) ((toBinaryFromHex((byte) hd1) << 4) + toBinaryFromHex((byte) hd2));

                b[size++] = d;
                i += 3; // skip 3
            } else {
                b[size++] = (byte) ch;
            }
        }
        // resize:
        byte[] b2 = new byte[size];
        System.arraycopy(b, 0, b2, 0, size);
        return b2;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a string to a UTF-8 byte array.
     *
     * @param s string
     * @return the byte array
     */
    public static byte[] toBytes(String s) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        try {
            return s.getBytes(DEFAULT_CHARSET);
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            throw e;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Convert a boolean to a byte array. True becomes -1 and false becomes 0.
     *
     * @param b value
     * @return <code>b</code> encoded in a byte array.
     */
    public static byte[] toBytes(final boolean b) {
        return new byte[] { b ? (byte) -1 : (byte) 0 };
    }

    /**
     * Reverses {@link #toBytes(boolean)}
     *
     * @param b array
     * @return True or false.
     */
    public static boolean toBoolean(final byte[] b) {
        if (b.length != 1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array has wrong size: " + b.length);
        }
        return b[0] != (byte) 0;
    }

    /**
     * Convert a long value to a byte array using big-endian.
     *
     * @param val value to convert
     * @return the byte array
     */
    public static byte[] toBytes(long val) {
        byte[] b = new byte[8];
        for (int i = 7; i > 0; i--) {
            b[i] = (byte) val;
            val >>>= 8;
        }
        b[0] = (byte) val;
        return b;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to a long value. Reverses {@link #toBytes(long)}
     *
     * @param bytes array
     * @return the long value
     */
    public static long toLong(byte[] bytes) {
        return toLong(bytes, 0, SIZEOF_LONG);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to a long value. Assumes there will be {@link #SIZEOF_LONG} bytes available.
     *
     * @param bytes  bytes
     * @param offset offset
     * @return the long value
     */
    public static long toLong(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
        return toLong(bytes, offset, SIZEOF_LONG);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to a long value.
     *
     * @param bytes  array of bytes
     * @param offset offset into array
     * @param length length of data (must be {@link #SIZEOF_LONG})
     * @return the long value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if length is not {@link #SIZEOF_LONG} or if there's not enough room in the array
     *                                  at the offset indicated.
     */
    public static long toLong(byte[] bytes, int offset, final int length) {
        if (length != SIZEOF_LONG || offset + length > bytes.length) {
            throw explainWrongLengthOrOffset(bytes, offset, length, SIZEOF_LONG);
        }
        long l = 0;
        for (int i = offset; i < offset + length; i++) {
            l <<= 8;
            l ^= bytes[i] & 0xFF;
        }
        return l;
    }

    private static IllegalArgumentException explainWrongLengthOrOffset(final byte[] bytes, final int offset,
            final int length, final int expectedLength) {
        String reason;
        if (length != expectedLength) {
            reason = "Wrong length: " + length + ", expected " + expectedLength;
        } else {
            reason = "offset (" + offset + ") + length (" + length + ") exceed the" + " capacity of the array: "
                    + bytes.length;
        }
        return new IllegalArgumentException(reason);
    }

    /**
     * Put a long value out to the specified byte array position.
     *
     * @param bytes  the byte array
     * @param offset position in the array
     * @param val    long to write out
     * @return incremented offset
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the byte array given doesn't have enough room at the offset specified.
     */
    public static int putLong(byte[] bytes, int offset, long val) {
        if (bytes.length - offset < SIZEOF_LONG) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not enough room to put a long at" + " offset " + offset + " in a "
                    + bytes.length + " byte array");
        }
        for (int i = offset + 7; i > offset; i--) {
            bytes[i] = (byte) val;
            val >>>= 8;
        }
        bytes[offset] = (byte) val;
        return offset + SIZEOF_LONG;
    }

    /**
     * Presumes float encoded as IEEE 754 floating-point "single format"
     *
     * @param bytes byte array
     * @return Float made from passed byte array.
     */
    public static float toFloat(byte[] bytes) {
        return toFloat(bytes, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Presumes float encoded as IEEE 754 floating-point "single format"
     *
     * @param bytes  array to convert
     * @param offset offset into array
     * @return Float made from passed byte array.
     */
    public static float toFloat(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
        return Float.intBitsToFloat(toInt(bytes, offset, SIZEOF_INT));
    }

    /**
     * @param bytes  byte array
     * @param offset offset to write to
     * @param f      float value
     * @return New offset in <code>bytes</code>
     */
    public static int putFloat(byte[] bytes, int offset, float f) {
        return putInt(bytes, offset, Float.floatToRawIntBits(f));
    }

    /**
     * @param f float value
     * @return the float represented as byte []
     */
    public static byte[] toBytes(final float f) {
        // Encode it as int
        return ByteUtils.toBytes(Float.floatToRawIntBits(f));
    }

    /**
     * @param bytes byte array
     * @return Return double made from passed bytes.
     */
    public static double toDouble(final byte[] bytes) {
        return toDouble(bytes, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @param bytes  byte array
     * @param offset offset where double is
     * @return Return double made from passed bytes.
     */
    public static double toDouble(final byte[] bytes, final int offset) {
        return Double.longBitsToDouble(toLong(bytes, offset, SIZEOF_LONG));
    }

    /**
     * @param bytes  byte array
     * @param offset offset to write to
     * @param d      value
     * @return New offset into array <code>bytes</code>
     */
    public static int putDouble(byte[] bytes, int offset, double d) {
        return putLong(bytes, offset, Double.doubleToLongBits(d));
    }

    /**
     * Serialize a double as the IEEE 754 double format output. The resultant array will be 8 bytes long.
     *
     * @param d value
     * @return the double represented as byte []
     */
    public static byte[] toBytes(final double d) {
        // Encode it as a long
        return ByteUtils.toBytes(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(d));
    }

    /**
     * Convert an int value to a byte array
     *
     * @param val value
     * @return the byte array
     */
    public static byte[] toBytes(int val) {
        byte[] b = new byte[4];
        for (int i = 3; i > 0; i--) {
            b[i] = (byte) val;
            val >>>= 8;
        }
        b[0] = (byte) val;
        return b;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to an int value
     *
     * @param bytes byte array
     * @return the int value
     */
    public static int toInt(byte[] bytes) {
        return toInt(bytes, 0, SIZEOF_INT);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to an int value
     *
     * @param bytes  byte array
     * @param offset offset into array
     * @return the int value
     */
    public static int toInt(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
        return toInt(bytes, offset, SIZEOF_INT);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to an int value
     *
     * @param bytes  byte array
     * @param offset offset into array
     * @param length length of int (has to be {@link #SIZEOF_INT})
     * @return the int value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if length is not {@link #SIZEOF_INT} or if there's not enough room in the array at
     *                                  the offset indicated.
     */
    public static int toInt(byte[] bytes, int offset, final int length) {
        if (length != SIZEOF_INT || offset + length > bytes.length) {
            throw explainWrongLengthOrOffset(bytes, offset, length, SIZEOF_INT);
        }
        int n = 0;
        for (int i = offset; i < (offset + length); i++) {
            n <<= 8;
            n ^= bytes[i] & 0xFF;
        }
        return n;
    }

    /**
     * Put an int value out to the specified byte array position.
     *
     * @param bytes  the byte array
     * @param offset position in the array
     * @param val    int to write out
     * @return incremented offset
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the byte array given doesn't have enough room at the offset specified.
     */
    public static int putInt(byte[] bytes, int offset, int val) {
        if (bytes.length - offset < SIZEOF_INT) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not enough room to put an int at" + " offset " + offset + " in a "
                    + bytes.length + " byte array");
        }
        for (int i = offset + 3; i > offset; i--) {
            bytes[i] = (byte) val;
            val >>>= 8;
        }
        bytes[offset] = (byte) val;
        return offset + SIZEOF_INT;
    }

    /**
     * Convert a short value to a byte array of {@link #SIZEOF_SHORT} bytes long.
     *
     * @param val value
     * @return the byte array
     */
    public static byte[] toBytes(short val) {
        byte[] b = new byte[SIZEOF_SHORT];
        b[1] = (byte) val;
        val >>= 8;
        b[0] = (byte) val;
        return b;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to a short value
     *
     * @param bytes byte array
     * @return the short value
     */
    public static short toShort(byte[] bytes) {
        return toShort(bytes, 0, SIZEOF_SHORT);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to a short value
     *
     * @param bytes  byte array
     * @param offset offset into array
     * @return the short value
     */
    public static short toShort(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
        return toShort(bytes, offset, SIZEOF_SHORT);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to a short value
     *
     * @param bytes  byte array
     * @param offset offset into array
     * @param length length, has to be {@link #SIZEOF_SHORT}
     * @return the short value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if length is not {@link #SIZEOF_SHORT} or if there's not enough room in the array
     *                                  at the offset indicated.
     */
    public static short toShort(byte[] bytes, int offset, final int length) {
        if (length != SIZEOF_SHORT || offset + length > bytes.length) {
            throw explainWrongLengthOrOffset(bytes, offset, length, SIZEOF_SHORT);
        }
        short n = 0;
        n ^= bytes[offset] & 0xFF;
        n <<= 8;
        n ^= bytes[offset + 1] & 0xFF;
        return n;
    }

    /**
     * This method will get a sequence of bytes from pos -> limit, but will restore pos after.
     *
     * @param buf
     * @return byte array
     */
    public static byte[] getBytes(ByteBuffer buf) {
        int savedPos = buf.position();
        byte[] newBytes = new byte[buf.remaining()];
        buf.get(newBytes);
        buf.position(savedPos);
        return newBytes;
    }

    /**
     * Put a short value out to the specified byte array position.
     *
     * @param bytes  the byte array
     * @param offset position in the array
     * @param val    short to write out
     * @return incremented offset
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the byte array given doesn't have enough room at the offset specified.
     */
    public static int putShort(byte[] bytes, int offset, short val) {
        if (bytes.length - offset < SIZEOF_SHORT) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not enough room to put a short at" + " offset " + offset + " in a "
                    + bytes.length + " byte array");
        }
        bytes[offset + 1] = (byte) val;
        val >>= 8;
        bytes[offset] = (byte) val;
        return offset + SIZEOF_SHORT;
    }

    /**
     * Convert a BigDecimal value to a byte array
     *
     * @param val
     * @return the byte array
     */
    public static byte[] toBytes(BigDecimal val) {
        byte[] valueBytes = val.unscaledValue().toByteArray();
        byte[] result = new byte[valueBytes.length + SIZEOF_INT];
        int offset = putInt(result, 0, val.scale());
        putBytes(result, offset, valueBytes, 0, valueBytes.length);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to a BigDecimal
     *
     * @param bytes
     * @return the char value
     */
    public static BigDecimal toBigDecimal(byte[] bytes) {
        return toBigDecimal(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to a BigDecimal value
     *
     * @param bytes
     * @param offset
     * @param length
     * @return the char value
     */
    public static BigDecimal toBigDecimal(byte[] bytes, int offset, final int length) {
        if (bytes == null || length < SIZEOF_INT + 1 || (offset + length > bytes.length)) {
            return null;
        }

        int scale = toInt(bytes, offset);
        byte[] tcBytes = new byte[length - SIZEOF_INT];
        System.arraycopy(bytes, offset + SIZEOF_INT, tcBytes, 0, length - SIZEOF_INT);
        return new BigDecimal(new BigInteger(tcBytes), scale);
    }

    /**
     * Put a BigDecimal value out to the specified byte array position.
     *
     * @param bytes  the byte array
     * @param offset position in the array
     * @param val    BigDecimal to write out
     * @return incremented offset
     */
    public static int putBigDecimal(byte[] bytes, int offset, BigDecimal val) {
        if (bytes == null) {
            return offset;
        }

        byte[] valueBytes = val.unscaledValue().toByteArray();
        byte[] result = new byte[valueBytes.length + SIZEOF_INT];
        offset = putInt(result, offset, val.scale());
        return putBytes(result, offset, valueBytes, 0, valueBytes.length);
    }

    /**
     * @param a lower half
     * @param b upper half
     * @return New array that has a in lower half and b in upper half.
     */
    public static byte[] add(final byte[] a, final byte[] b) {
        return add(a, b, EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY);
    }

    /**
     * @param a first third
     * @param b second third
     * @param c third third
     * @return New array made from a, b and c
     */
    public static byte[] add(final byte[] a, final byte[] b, final byte[] c) {
        byte[] result = new byte[a.length + b.length + c.length];
        System.arraycopy(a, 0, result, 0, a.length);
        System.arraycopy(b, 0, result, a.length, b.length);
        System.arraycopy(c, 0, result, a.length + b.length, c.length);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @param a      array
     * @param length amount of bytes to grab
     * @return First <code>length</code> bytes from <code>a</code>
     */
    public static byte[] head(final byte[] a, final int length) {
        if (a.length < length) {
            return null;
        }
        byte[] result = new byte[length];
        System.arraycopy(a, 0, result, 0, length);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @param a      array
     * @param length amount of bytes to snarf
     * @return Last <code>length</code> bytes from <code>a</code>
     */
    public static byte[] tail(final byte[] a, final int length) {
        if (a.length < length) {
            return null;
        }
        byte[] result = new byte[length];
        System.arraycopy(a, a.length - length, result, 0, length);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @param a      array
     * @param length new array size
     * @return Value in <code>a</code> plus <code>length</code> prepended 0 bytes
     */
    public static byte[] padHead(final byte[] a, final int length) {
        byte[] padding = new byte[length];
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            padding[i] = 0;
        }
        return add(padding, a);
    }

    /**
     * @param a      array
     * @param length new array size
     * @return Value in <code>a</code> plus <code>length</code> appended 0 bytes
     */
    public static byte[] padTail(final byte[] a, final int length) {
        byte[] padding = new byte[length];
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            padding[i] = 0;
        }
        return add(a, padding);
    }

    /**
     * @param bytes  array to hash
     * @param offset offset to start from
     * @param length length to hash
     */
    public static int hashCode(byte[] bytes, int offset, int length) {
        int hash = 1;
        for (int i = offset; i < offset + length; i++)
            hash = (31 * hash) + (int) bytes[i];
        return hash;
    }

    /**
     * @param t operands
     * @return Array of byte arrays made from passed array of Text
     */
    public static byte[][] toByteArrays(final String[] t) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        byte[][] result = new byte[t.length][];
        for (int i = 0; i < t.length; i++) {
            result[i] = ByteUtils.toBytes(t[i]);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @param column operand
     * @return A byte array of a byte array where first and only entry is <code>column</code>
     */
    public static byte[][] toByteArrays(final String column) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        return toByteArrays(toBytes(column));
    }

    /**
     * @param column operand
     * @return A byte array of a byte array where first and only entry is <code>column</code>
     */
    public static byte[][] toByteArrays(final byte[] column) {
        byte[][] result = new byte[1][];
        result[0] = column;
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Bytewise binary increment/deincrement of long contained in byte array on given amount.
     *
     * @param value  - array of bytes containing long (length <= SIZEOF_LONG)
     * @param amount value will be incremented on (deincremented if negative)
     * @return array of bytes containing incremented long (length == SIZEOF_LONG)
     */
    public static byte[] incrementBytes(byte[] value, long amount) {
        byte[] val = value;
        if (val.length < SIZEOF_LONG) {
            // Hopefully this doesn't happen too often.
            byte[] newvalue;
            if (val[0] < 0) {
                newvalue = new byte[] { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 };
            } else {
                newvalue = new byte[SIZEOF_LONG];
            }
            System.arraycopy(val, 0, newvalue, newvalue.length - val.length, val.length);
            val = newvalue;
        } else if (val.length > SIZEOF_LONG) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Increment Bytes - value too big: " + val.length);
        }
        if (amount == 0)
            return val;
        if (val[0] < 0) {
            return binaryIncrementNeg(val, amount);
        }
        return binaryIncrementPos(val, amount);
    }

    /* increment/deincrement for positive value */
    public static byte[] binaryIncrementPos(byte[] value, long amount) {
        long amo = amount;
        int sign = 1;
        if (amount < 0) {
            amo = -amount;
            sign = -1;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
            int cur = ((int) amo % 256) * sign;
            amo = (amo >> 8);
            int val = value[value.length - i - 1] & 0x0ff;
            int total = val + cur;
            if (total > 255) {
                amo += sign;
                total %= 256;
            } else if (total < 0) {
                amo -= sign;
            }
            value[value.length - i - 1] = (byte) total;
            if (amo == 0)
                return value;
        }
        return value;
    }

    /* increment/deincrement for negative value */
    private static byte[] binaryIncrementNeg(byte[] value, long amount) {
        long amo = amount;
        int sign = 1;
        if (amount < 0) {
            amo = -amount;
            sign = -1;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
            int cur = ((int) amo % 256) * sign;
            amo = (amo >> 8);
            int val = ((~value[value.length - i - 1]) & 0x0ff) + 1;
            int total = cur - val;
            if (total >= 0) {
                amo += sign;
            } else if (total < -256) {
                amo -= sign;
                total %= 256;
            }
            value[value.length - i - 1] = (byte) total;
            if (amo == 0)
                return value;
        }
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Writes a string as a fixed-size field, padded with zeros.
     */
    public static void writeStringFixedSize(final DataOutput out, String s, int size) throws IOException {
        byte[] b = toBytes(s);
        if (b.length > size) {
            throw new IOException("Trying to write " + b.length + " bytes (" + toStringBinary(b)
                    + ") into a field of length " + size);
        }

        out.writeBytes(s);
        for (int i = 0; i < size - s.length(); ++i)
            out.writeByte(0);
    }

    /**
     * Reads a fixed-size field and interprets it as a string padded with zeros.
     */
    public static String readStringFixedSize(final DataInput in, int size) throws IOException {
        byte[] b = new byte[size];
        in.readFully(b);
        int n = b.length;
        while (n > 0 && b[n - 1] == 0)
            --n;

        return toString(b, 0, n);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        String randomString = RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(10);
        randomString = "";
        System.out.println("String is " + randomString);
        byte[] stringBytes = randomString.getBytes();
        System.out.println("String byte array is " + Arrays.toString(stringBytes));

        long l = 984121;
        System.out.println("Long is " + l);
        byte[] longBytes = toBytes(l);
        System.out.println("Long byte array is " + Arrays.toString(longBytes));

        byte[] newBytes = new byte[stringBytes.length + longBytes.length];
        System.arraycopy(stringBytes, 0, newBytes, 0, stringBytes.length);
        System.arraycopy(longBytes, 0, newBytes, stringBytes.length, longBytes.length);
        System.out.println("Combined byte array rowkey is " + Arrays.toString(newBytes));

        String printableString = toStringBinary(newBytes);
        System.out.println("Printable string is " + printableString);

        String unprintableString = toString(newBytes);
        System.out.println("Unprintable string is " + unprintableString);

        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(toBytesBinary(printableString)));
    }

}