com.partnet.automation.HtmlView.java Source code

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/*
 * Copyright 2015 Partnet, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * 
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 * 
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.partnet.automation;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import org.openqa.selenium.Alert;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie;
import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoAlertPresentException;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException;
import org.openqa.selenium.NotFoundException;
import org.openqa.selenium.TimeoutException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.FluentWait;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Wait;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import com.google.common.base.Function;

/**
 * Represents a view of some HTML that can be interacted with via a
 * {@link WebDriver}. Cannot be instantiated directly. Provides convenience
 * (protected) methods that all sub-classes can selectively make use of.
 * 
 * @author fpedroza
 * @since Dec 16, 2014
 */
/*
 * TODO: Dec 17, 2014 (fpedroza) - consider replacing hardcoded timeout values
 * throughout with system property values w/defaults
 */
public abstract class HtmlView {
    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HtmlView.class);
    private static final String JAVASCRIPT_AJAX_MESSAGE_ARRAY = "window.document.msgArray";
    protected final WebDriver webDriver;

    // used for javascript alerts for headless browsers
    private static final String ALERT_COOKIE_NAME = "alertMsg";
    private static final String ALERT_NEW_LINE_REPLACE = "#newLine#";

    private static final String WAIT_FOR_PAGE_PROP = "test.config.page.load.timeout";

    protected HtmlView(WebDriver webDriver) {
        this.webDriver = webDriver;
    }

    /**
     * Get the current browser - convenience method
     * @return current {@link Browser} enum value
     */
    protected Browser getBrowser() {
        return Browser.getBrowser(webDriver);
    }

    /**
     * <p>
     * This method simply clicks and waits for the page to load.
     *
     * <p>
     * It is required for Internet Explorer to wait when clicking an element that
     * causes the page to reload/refresh; see <a href=
     * "http://selenium.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/docs/api/java/org/openqa/selenium/WebElement.html#click%28%29"
     * >WebElement.click()</a>.
     *
     * <p>
     * The IE web driver attempts to use native events, which would explain having
     * to explicitly wait for the page to load <a
     * href="http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/InternetExplorerDriver"
     * >InternetExplorerDriver wiki</a>.
     *
     * <p>
     * There is a way to turn off native events (and has been turned off for a
     * long time now). However, in my testing it appears it still does not wait
     * for the page to load when a click function has a new page loaded.
     *
     * <p>
     * I am not sure of a way around this fix. Wait for page to load is required
     * for IE to work properly if the element being interacted with causes a new
     * page to be loaded.
     *
     * Reported bugs to selenium that have been closed as "Working as Intended: <a
     * href="http://code.google.com/p/selenium/issues/detail?id=2676">2676</a>, <a
     * href="http://code.google.com/p/selenium/issues/detail?id=2936">2936</a>
     * <p>
     * This method uses the {@link HtmlView#clickElem(WebElement)} method.
     *
     * @author <a href="mailto:bbarker@part.net">bbarker</a>
     *
     * @param webElement web element to click on
     * @return instance of HTMLView
     */
    protected final HtmlView clickAndWait(WebElement webElement) {
        LOG.debug("click element {}", webElement);
        clickElem(webElement);
        waitForPageToLoad();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the text in a WebElement with the provided text.
     *
     * <p>
     * This method uses the {@link HtmlView#clickElem(WebElement)} method.
     *
     * @param webElement
     *          - target for update
     * @param value
     *          - new value for the text of the WebElement
     * @return The {@link HtmlView} instance that invoked this method; enables
     *         fluent calls
     */
    protected HtmlView setValue(WebElement webElement, String value) {

        final String previousValue = getValue(webElement);
        LOG.debug("Replacing '{}' with '{}' on WebElement {}", previousValue, value, webElement);

        // htmlunit may not actually be replacing/putting in an empty value
        if (value == null) {
            value = "";
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            // click on elm, as suggested in
            // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20936403/sendkeys-are-not-working-in-selenium-webdriver
            clickElem(webElement);
            webElement.clear();
            webElement.sendKeys(value);

            String elmContent = webElement.getAttribute("value");
            LOG.debug("New content of WebElement: '{}'", elmContent);

            if (!(elmContent.equalsIgnoreCase(value))) {
                LOG.warn("Setting WebElm {}\n" + "was not set to '{}'\n" + "  but actually '{}'", webElement, value,
                        elmContent);
            }

            // if the target field is not filled, retry. Do not retry with the equals
            // ignore case, because sometimes it
            // is actually testing if the field can be filled with x amount of chars.
            if (StringUtils.isBlank(elmContent) && StringUtils.isNotBlank(value)) {
                LOG.debug("Retry set web elm: {}", i);
                continue;
            }
            // field was correctly set
            break;
        }

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the text value in the given WebElement.
     * 
     * @param elt target to get the value of
     * @return value of the web element
     */
    protected String getValue(WebElement elt) {
        return elt.getAttribute("value");
    }

    /**
     * Selects the option in the given field based on the given visible text and
     * then waits for the page to load.
     * <p>
     * This method should be used for interacting with a Select field that causes,
     * <b><i>EITHER</i></b> a <b>new page</b> is navigated to <b><i>OR</i></b> the
     * current page is <b>reloaded</b>.
     * 
     * @param webElement
     *          - the element for the given select/dropdown field
     * @param visibleText
     *          - the visible text to be selected
     * @return The {@link HtmlView} instance that invoked this method; enables
     *         fluent calls
     */
    protected HtmlView selectByVisibleTextAndWait(WebElement webElement, String visibleText) {
        final Select select = new Select(webElement);

        LOG.debug("selectByVisibleTextAndWait - {}", visibleText);
        select.selectByVisibleText(visibleText);

        waitForPageToLoad();

        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Helper method to select a option based on the visible text in the given
     * select element
     * <p>
     * 
     * @param webElement
     *          - the element for the given select/dropdown field
     * @param visibleText
     *          - the visible text to be selected
     * @return The {@link HtmlView} instance that invoked this method; enables
     *         fluent calls
     */
    protected HtmlView selectByVisibleText(WebElement webElement, String visibleText) {
        LOG.debug("selectByVisibleText: text '{}', element '{}'", visibleText, webElement);
        final Select select = new Select(webElement);
        select.selectByVisibleText(visibleText);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Helper method to select a option based on the value in the given select
     * element
     * <p>
     * 
     * @param webElement
     *          - the element for the given select/dropdown field
     * @param value
     *          - the value to be selected
     * @return The {@link HtmlView} instance that invoked this method; enables
     *         fluent calls
     */
    protected HtmlView selectByValue(WebElement webElement, String value) {
        LOG.debug("selectByValue: text '{}', element '{}'", value, webElement);
        final Select select = new Select(webElement);
        select.selectByValue(value);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the first selected option from a dropdown
     * @param webElement select option element
     * @return - string of the visible selected text
     */
    protected String getSelectedVisibleText(WebElement webElement) {
        LOG.debug("Find first selected visible text for {}", webElement);
        Select sel = new Select(webElement);
        String visibleText = sel.getFirstSelectedOption().getText();
        LOG.debug("VisibleText: {}", visibleText);
        return visibleText;
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the visible text of all entries in a dropdown or select field
     * 
     * @param webElement
     *          - the element to get the text of
     * @return list of visible dropdown text entries
     */
    protected List<String> getAllDropdownVisibleTextEntries(WebElement webElement) {
        List<String> optionsToReturn = new ArrayList<>();

        Select sel = new Select(webElement);
        List<WebElement> allOptions = sel.getOptions();

        for (WebElement option : allOptions) {
            optionsToReturn.add(option.getText());
        }
        LOG.debug("Found options: {}", optionsToReturn);
        return optionsToReturn;
    }

    /**
     * An expectation for checking that an element is present on the DOM of a
     * page. This does not necessarily mean that the element is visible.
     * 
     * @param by locator for the element
     * @param maxWaitInSeconds max seconds to wait for element to appear
     * @return WebElement
     */
    protected WebElement waitForPresenceOfElement(By by, int maxWaitInSeconds) {
        return (new WebDriverWait(webDriver, maxWaitInSeconds))
                .until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(by));
    }

    /**
     * An expectation for checking that there is at least one element present on a
     * web page.
     * <p>
     * Use when more that one WebElement could be returned.
     * 
     * @param by locator of the elements searching for
     * @param maxWaitInSeconds max seconds waiting for all elements
     * @return {@link List} of {@link WebElement}
     */
    protected List<WebElement> waitForPresenceOfAllElements(By by, int maxWaitInSeconds) {
        return (new WebDriverWait(webDriver, maxWaitInSeconds))
                .until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfAllElementsLocatedBy(by));
    }

    /**
     * Waits for element to be visible (in view area of browser) and able to be
     * clickable (by a user).
     * <p>
     * Returns the <code>WebElement</code> of interest.
     * <p>
     * See also
     * {@link com.partnet.automation.HtmlView#waitForElementToBeClickable(WebElement, int)}.
     * 
     * @param by locator of element wanting to click
     * @param maxWaitInSeconds max seconds to wait for the element to become clickable
     * @return WebElement
     */
    protected WebElement waitForElementToBeClickable(By by, int maxWaitInSeconds) {
        return (new WebDriverWait(webDriver, maxWaitInSeconds)).until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(by));
    }

    /**
     * Waits for the specified {@link ExpectedCondition} to occur in the page
     * until the max time has passed.
     * <p>
     * Preferably use the {@link ExpectedConditions} static methods to return the
     * desired <code>ExpectedCondition</code> instance. Note that this method is
     * used for <code>ExpectedConditions</code> static methods that return a
     * {@link WebElement} object.
     * <p>
     * Example:
     * 
     * <pre>
     * 
     * private static final int MAX_WAIT_IN_SECONDS = 10;
     * 
     * &#064;FindBy(css = &quot;a#button_idinput[value='Add Transaction']&quot;)
     * private WebElement addTransactionBtn;
     * 
     * private WebElement waitForTransaction()
     * {
     *   return waitForExpectedCondition(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(addTransactionBtn), MAX_WAIT_IN_SECONDS);
     * }
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * See also
     * {@link com.partnet.automation.HtmlView#waitForElementToBeClickable(WebElement, int)}.
     * <p>
     * 
     * @param condition
     *          - the {@link ExpectedCondition} instance that defines the
     *          WebElement selenium is waiting for
     * @param maxWaitInSeconds
     *          - the maximum time in seconds before a {@link NotFoundException}
     *          is thrown
     * @return the <code>WebElement</code> instance returned by the
     *         <code>ExpectedCondition</code>
     */
    protected WebElement waitForExpectedCondition(ExpectedCondition<WebElement> condition, int maxWaitInSeconds) {
        return (new WebDriverWait(webDriver, maxWaitInSeconds)).until(condition);
    }

    /**
     * Waits for the specified {@link ExpectedCondition} to occur in the page
     * until the max time has passed.
     * <p>
     * Preferably use the {@link ExpectedConditions} static methods to return the
     * desired <code>ExpectedCondition</code> instance. Note that this method is
     * used for <code>ExpectedConditions</code> static methods that return a
     * {@link Boolean} object.
     * <p>
     * Example:
     * 
     * <pre>
     * 
     * private static final int MAX_WAIT_IN_SECONDS = 10;
     * 
     * private static final String optionText = &quot;SelectMe&quot;;
     * 
     * &#064;FindBy(css = &quot;select#id&quot;)
     * private WebElement selectDropDownBox;
     * 
     * private Boolean waitForTransaction()
     * {
     *   return waitForExpectedConditionBoolean(ExpectedConditions.textToBePresentInElement(selectDropDownBox, optionText), MAX_WAIT_IN_SECONDS);
     * }
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * See also
     * {@link com.partnet.automation.HtmlView#waitForElementToBeClickable(WebElement, int)}.
     * <p>
     * 
     * @param condition
     *          - the {@link ExpectedCondition} instance that defines the
     *          WebElement selenium is waiting for
     * @param maxWaitInSeconds
     *          - the maximum time in seconds before a {@link NotFoundException}
     *          is thrown
     * @return the <code>Boolean</code> outcome of finding the condition
     */
    protected Boolean waitForExpectedConditionBoolean(ExpectedCondition<Boolean> condition, int maxWaitInSeconds) {
        return (new WebDriverWait(webDriver, maxWaitInSeconds)).until(condition);
    }

    /**
     * Clicks element and Accepts the alert that follows. This handles the case of
     * a real browser vs the PhantomJs alert strategy. <br>
     * <a href="https://github.com/detro/ghostdriver/issues/20">related info</a>
     * 
     * @param elm
     *          - web element that triggers the alert
     * @return - the string of the accepted alert
     */
    protected String clickAndAcceptAlert(WebElement elm) {
        return clickAndHandleAlert(elm, true, true);
    }

    /**
     * Clicks element and dismisses the alert that follows. This handles the case
     * of a real browser vs the PhantomJs alert strategy. <br>
     * <a href="https://github.com/detro/ghostdriver/issues/20">related info</a>
     * 
     * @param elm
     *          - web element that triggers the alert
     * @return - the string of the dismissed alert
     */
    protected String clickAndDismissAlert(WebElement elm) {
        return clickAndHandleAlert(elm, false, true);
    }

    protected String clickAndAcceptAlertIfPresent(WebElement elm) {
        return clickAndHandleAlert(elm, true, false);
    }

    /**
     * Clicks, then handles the resulting alert.
     * <p>
     * This method uses the {@link HtmlView#clickElem(WebElement)} method.
     *
     * @param elm - element to be clicked
     * @param accept - true to accept alert, false to dismiss.
     * @param throwIfNoAlertPresent - true to throw exception if there is no alert present, false otherwise
     * @return the string of the alert message
     */
    private String clickAndHandleAlert(WebElement elm, boolean accept, boolean throwIfNoAlertPresent) {
        String alertMsg = null;
        LOG.debug("{} alert created by clicking button {}", accept ? "accept" : "dismiss", elm);

        Browser browser = getBrowser();

        // headless browsers need to inject javascript before the button is clicked
        // to handle the alert correctly
        if (browser.isHeadless()) {

            // webDriver.manage().deleteCookieNamed(ALERT_COOKIE_NAME);
            StringBuilder alertJs = new StringBuilder();

            alertJs.append("window.alert = window.confirm = function(msg){ ")
                    // .append( "var date = new Date();")
                    // .append( "date.setDate(date.getDate() + 1);")

                    // cookies don't like to store new lines. This becomes a problem when
                    // taking a screenshot for HTMLUNIT, and
                    // transferring the cookie to PhantomJs.
                    // This prevents newlines from being injected into the cookie. Later
                    // on, the return string containing these
                    // newline keywords will be replaced with actual newlines.
                    .append("msg = msg.replace(/(\\r\\n|\\n|\\r)/gm, '" + ALERT_NEW_LINE_REPLACE + "');")
                    .append("document.cookie = '" + ALERT_COOKIE_NAME + "=' + msg + '';").append("return %s;")
                    .append("};");
            executeScript(String.format(alertJs.toString(), accept));
        }

        clickElem(elm);

        if (browser.isHeadless()) {
            Cookie alertCookie = webDriver.manage().getCookieNamed(ALERT_COOKIE_NAME);

            for (Cookie cook : webDriver.manage().getCookies()) {
                System.err.print(cook.getName());
            }

            if (alertCookie != null) {
                // replace all newline keywords, to get original message
                alertMsg = StringUtils.trimToNull(alertCookie.getValue());

                if (alertMsg != null)
                    alertMsg = alertMsg.replaceAll(ALERT_NEW_LINE_REPLACE, "\n");

                LOG.debug("Headless browser msg: {}", alertMsg);
            } else {
                LOG.debug("Cookie where headless alert messages are stored is null!");
            }

            if (StringUtils.isBlank(alertMsg)) {
                if (throwIfNoAlertPresent) {
                    throw new NoAlertPresentException(
                            String.format("No alert message found for headless browser %s!", browser));
                }
            }
        } else {

            Alert alert;

            // IE needs to wait for the alert to appear because we are using native
            // events
            try {
                if (browser.isInternetExplorer()) {
                    alert = waitForAlertToBePresent();
                } else {
                    alert = webDriver.switchTo().alert();
                }

                alertMsg = alert.getText();

                if (accept) {
                    alert.accept();
                } else {
                    alert.dismiss();
                }
            } catch (NoAlertPresentException | TimeoutException e) {
                if (throwIfNoAlertPresent) {
                    throw e;
                } else {
                    LOG.debug("No alert is present! return...");
                }
                return null;
            }
        }

        LOG.debug("{} alert message: {}", accept ? "Accepted" : "Dismissed", alertMsg);
        return alertMsg;
    }

    protected Object executeScript(String script, Object... args) {
        return executeScript(webDriver, script, args);
    }

    private Object executeScript(WebDriver driver, String script, Object... args) {
        return ((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript(script, args);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an alert if a alert is present, or null if it is not.
     * <p>
     * <b>Note</b>: This does <b>NOT</b> work with headless browsers!
     * 
     * @return the found alert
     */
    protected Alert isAlertPresent() {
        Browser browser = getBrowser();

        // TODO: Dec 17, 2014 (bbarker) - Make this headless browser friendly
        if (browser.isInternetExplorer()) {
            try {
                return waitForAlertToBePresent();
            } catch (TimeoutException e) {
                return null;
            }
        } else {
            try {
                return webDriver.switchTo().alert();
            } catch (NoAlertPresentException e) {
            }
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Waits 3 seconds for an alert to appear on the page. This is typically only
     * used for Internet Explorer
     * @return the found alert
     *
     * @throws TimeoutException
     *           - if the timeout has been reached
     */
    protected Alert waitForAlertToBePresent() {
        return new WebDriverWait(webDriver, 3).until(conditionAlertPresent);
    }

    /**
     * Waits a specific amount of time for a field to be auto-populated with the
     * specified regex Note: Regex must match the ENTIRE field to pass
     *
     * @param seconds seconds to wait for field to populate
     * @param regex regex of what the expected field should be
     * @param field element to wait for this change
     *
     */
    protected void waitForFieldToPopulate(int seconds, String regex, WebElement field) {
        // checks to see if field matches the regex
        ToggleFocusCondition fieldPopulated = new ToggleFocusCondition(regex, field, null);
        new WebDriverWait(webDriver, seconds)
                .withMessage(
                        String.format("Field #%s never matched the regex: '%s", field.getAttribute("id"), regex))
                .until(fieldPopulated);
    }

    /**
     * Generic method to wait for a dialog to complete loading. It returns the
     * WebElement containing the entire dialog scope
     * 
     * @param dialogContentLocator dialog to wait to load
     * @return - {@link WebElement} containing the entire Dialog scope.
     */
    protected WebElement waitForDialogToAppear(By dialogContentLocator) {
        return new WebDriverWait(webDriver, 30).until(new JQueryUiDialogsCondition(dialogContentLocator));
    }

    /**
     * Waits a specified amount of time for an element to become clickable.
     * 
     * @param elm element to wait for
     * @param maxWaitSeconds seconds to wait
     * @throws TimeoutException if timeout has been reached
     */
    protected void waitForElementToBeClickable(WebElement elm, int maxWaitSeconds) {
        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(webDriver, maxWaitSeconds);
        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(elm));
    }

    /**
     * Default wait for page to load method. It will NOT throw a
     * {@link WebDriverException} if found, but continue to check if the page has
     * loaded. This also waits for the "Please Wait" overlay to disappear if
     * present.
     * 
     * @see #waitForPageToLoad(boolean)
     */
    protected void waitForPageToLoad() {
        waitForPageToLoad(true);
    }

    // TODO: Nov 13, 2014 (fpedroza) - need javadoc
    /**
     * Waits for a page to load; a set amount of time is allotted.
     * 
     * @param ignoreWebDriverException
     *          - whether or not a {@link WebDriverException} should be ignored.
     *          In certain cases, it can be useful to not ignore exceptions thrown
     *          when waiting for the page to load, however typically this value
     *          should be true.
     */
    protected void waitForPageToLoad(boolean ignoreWebDriverException) {
        LOG.debug("Wait for page to load..");
        String stringWaitProp = System.getProperty(WAIT_FOR_PAGE_PROP, "90");
        int waitProp;

        try {
            waitProp = Integer.parseInt(stringWaitProp);
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            throw new NumberFormatException(
                    String.format("%s, could not determine %s", e.getMessage(), WAIT_FOR_PAGE_PROP));
        }

        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(webDriver, waitProp);

        if (ignoreWebDriverException) {
            wait.ignoring(WebDriverException.class);
        }

        wait.until(conditionPageLoaded); // wait for the page to load
    }

    /**
     * Switches to a newly opened window that was created during a test, such as
     * clicking a Help Text link.
     * 
     * @param locator
     *          - an element that is expected to be on the page - set to
     *          <code>null</code> to ignore
     * @param optionalPageTitle
     *          - the expected page title of the window to switch to - set to
     *          <code>null</code> to ignore
     * @see #switchToWindow(WebElement, By, String, boolean)
     */
    protected void switchToNewWindow(By locator, String optionalPageTitle)
            throws IllegalStateException, TimeoutException {
        switchToWindow(null, locator, optionalPageTitle, true);
    }

    /**
     * Switches back to an existing window that was created during a test. Usually
     * invoked after previously invoking {@link #switchToNewWindow(By, String)}
     * 
     * @param locator
     *          - an element that is expected to be on the page - set to
     *          <code>null</code> to ignore
     * @param optionalPageTitle
     *          - the expected page title of the window to switch to - set to
     *          <code>null</code> to ignore
     * @see #switchToWindow(WebElement, By, String, boolean)
     */
    protected void switchToOpenWindow(By locator, String optionalPageTitle)
            throws IllegalStateException, TimeoutException {
        switchToWindow(null, locator, optionalPageTitle, false);
    }

    /**
     * Switches to another window that was created during a test, such as clicking
     * a Help Text link.
     * 
     * @param element
     *          - the expected element on the window that is being switched to -
     *          set to <code>null</code> to ignore
     * @param optionalPageTitle
     *          - the expected page title of the window to switch to - set to
     *          <code>null</code> to ignore
     * @see #switchToWindow(WebElement, By, String, boolean)
     */
    protected void switchToNewWindow(WebElement element, String optionalPageTitle)
            throws IllegalStateException, TimeoutException {
        switchToWindow(element, null, optionalPageTitle, true);
    }

    /**
     * Switches back to another window that was created during a test. Usually
     * invoked after previously invoking
     * {@link #switchToNewWindow(WebElement, String)}
     * 
     * @param element
     *          - the expected element on the window that is being switched to -
     *          set to <code>null</code> to ignore
     * @param optionalPageTitle
     *          - the expected page title of the window to switch to - set to
     *          <code>null</code> to ignore
     * @see #switchToWindow(WebElement, By, String, boolean) switchToWindow
     */
    protected void switchToOpenWindow(WebElement element, String optionalPageTitle)
            throws IllegalStateException, TimeoutException {
        switchToWindow(element, null, optionalPageTitle, false);
    }

    /**
     * Overloaded method to handle the various cases of switching to a window.
     * 
     * @param element
     *          - the element that should be searched for on the page, or
     *          <code>null</code>
     * @param locator
     *          - the locator that should be present on the page, or
     *          <code>null</code>
     * @param pageTitle
     *          - the title of the page to be switched to, or <code>null</code>
     * @param findNewWindow
     *          - whether or not to find a new (true) or existing (false) window.
     * 
     * @throws IllegalStateException
     * @throws TimeoutException
     */
    private void switchToWindow(WebElement element, By locator, String pageTitle, boolean findNewWindow)
            throws IllegalStateException, TimeoutException {
        LOG.debug("Switch to correct window");

        // at least one of the window-identifying parameters must be provided
        if (element == null && pageTitle == null && locator == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "element, locator, and pageTitle are all null - cannot determine the correct window");
        }
        // sanity check to ensure multiple window-identifying parameters are not
        // provided
        if (element != null && locator != null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("element and locator cannot both be used to identify window");
        }

        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(webDriver, 15);

        // TODO: Nov 13, 2014 (fpedroza) - this logic is flawed as it assumes only 2
        // windows will be open at a time
        int windowsToWaitFor = findNewWindow ? 2 : 1;

        // wait for the specified number of windows to be open
        wait.until(new MultipleWindowHandlesVisibleCondition(windowsToWaitFor));

        Set<String> windowHandles = webDriver.getWindowHandles();

        LOG.debug("Window handles: {}", windowHandles);

        // try all windows, because I don't know if the current focused window
        // correct, or if it is a different one
        for (String window : windowHandles) {

            LOG.debug("Switch to window '{}'", window);
            webDriver.switchTo().window(window);

            // wait for switched to window to load, because it still could be in the
            // process of loading when switching to it
            waitForPageToLoad();

            try {
                // Now see if the now focused page has a element that is specific to
                // this page on it.
                if (element != null) {
                    element.isDisplayed();
                    LOG.debug("Found web element on page!");
                }

                if (locator != null) {
                    webDriver.findElement(locator).isDisplayed();
                    LOG.debug("Found By locator on page!");
                }
            } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
                LOG.debug("Nope, try again. Msg: {}", e.getMessage().substring(0, e.getMessage().indexOf("\n")));
                continue;
            }

            // optionally check that the page title is correct (if one was provided)
            if (pageTitle != null) {

                String currentPageTitle = webDriver.getTitle();
                if (currentPageTitle.equals(pageTitle)) {
                    LOG.debug("Found correct page title!");
                    return;
                } else {
                    LOG.debug("Found window title of '{}' but searching for '{}' - continue", pageTitle,
                            currentPageTitle);
                    continue;
                }
            }

            // no additional check need so we're done
            return;
        }

        // if we make it here, the expected page wasn't found so report the error
        throw new IllegalStateException(
                String.format("Can not find the '%s' page with the element '%s' in the set of window handles!",
                        pageTitle, element == null ? locator.toString() : element.toString()));
    }

    /**
     * Parses through an html description list (tag = dl) and puts the description
     * term (tag = dt) as the key in the map and puts the description description
     * (tag = dd) as the value in map
     * 
     * @param termsAndDescriptions
     *          - this must be a list of dt and dd {@link WebElement}
     * @return Map
     */
    protected Map<String, String> parseDescriptionList(final List<WebElement> termsAndDescriptions) {
        Map<String, String> descriptionList = new HashMap<>(termsAndDescriptions.size());
        String term = null;

        for (WebElement elt : termsAndDescriptions) // the WebElement expected is
                                                    // the array of a dl's dt/dd
                                                    // WebElements
        {
            String tag = elt.getTagName(); // this gets the tag type. It is expecting
                                           // either dt or dd
            String taggedText = elt.getText().trim(); // this gets the value that is
                                                      // tagged
            LOG.debug("tag({}) text({})", tag, taggedText);

            if (tag.equals("dt")) { // if tag is <dt> description list term; the "key"
                                    // in the map
                term = taggedText;
            } else if (tag.equals("dd")) { // if tag is <dl> description list
                                           // description/definition; the "value" in the
                                           // map
                String previousValue = descriptionList.put(term, taggedText);
                if (previousValue != null) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException(
                            String.format("Unexpected condition - key (%s) with multiple values (%s) and (%s)",
                                    term, previousValue, taggedText));
                }
            } else {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected tag in description list, tag is " + tag);
            }
        }

        return descriptionList;
    } // end method

    /**
     * Focus or blurs an element. This comes in handy when an element needs to be
     * focused and then unfocused to trigger a javascript event, such as an
     * autocomplete zip code field.
     * 
     * @param triggerElm
     *          - the element to be acted on
     * @param driver
     *          - the {@link WebDriver} to use
     * @param focusElement
     *          - should the element gain focus or blur?
     */
    private void focusOrBlur(WebElement triggerElm, WebDriver driver, boolean focusElement) {
        String opt = focusElement ? "focus" : "blur";

        String script = String.format("$(arguments[0]).trigger('%s');", opt);

        LOG.debug("{} element: {}", opt, triggerElm);
        executeScript(driver, script, triggerElm);
    }

    /**
     * Trigger the <code>focus</code> javascript event on a element.
     * 
     * @see #focusOrBlur(WebElement, WebDriver, boolean)
     * @param triggerElm element to focus
     */
    protected void focusElement(WebElement triggerElm) {
        focusOrBlur(triggerElm, webDriver, true);
    }

    /**
     * Trigger the <code>blur</code> javascript event on a element. (removes focus
     * from the element)
     * 
     * @see #focusOrBlur(WebElement, WebDriver, boolean)
     * @param triggerElm element to blur
     */
    protected void blurElement(WebElement triggerElm) {
        focusOrBlur(triggerElm, webDriver, false);
    }

    /**
     * Waits a specified amount of time for a field to be auto-populated with the
     * given regex. Each time the field is checked, the triggerElm will be
     * focus/blurred.
     * 
     * @param seconds
     *          - amount of time to wait for the field to populate
     * @param regex
     *          - regex to match the entire field
     * @param field
     *          - field to look for the regex
     * @param triggerElm
     *          - element to focus/blur
     */
    protected void triggerAndWaitForFieldToPopulate(int seconds, String regex, WebElement field,
            WebElement triggerElm) {
        // checks to see if field matches the regex
        ToggleFocusCondition fieldPopulated = new ToggleFocusCondition(regex, field, triggerElm);
        new WebDriverWait(webDriver, seconds)
                .withMessage(
                        String.format("Field #%s never matched the regex: '%s", field.getAttribute("id"), regex))
                .until(fieldPopulated);
    }

    // TODO: Nov 4, 2014 (fpedroza) - need more/better javadoc
    /**
     * Obtains the hidden text for a web element.
     * 
     * @param webElm element to get hidden text from
     * @see <a
     *      href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1359469/innertext-works-in-ie-but-not-in-firefox">1</a>
     * @see <a
     *      href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13047056/how-to-read-text-from-hidden-element-with-selenium-webdriver">2</a>
     * @see <a
     *      href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24427621/innertext-vs-innerhtml-vs-label-vs-text-vs-textcontent-vs-outertext">3</a>
     * @see <a
     *      href="http://www.kellegous.com/j/2013/02/27/innertext-vs-textcontent">4</a>
     * @return hidden text of web elem
     */
    protected String getHiddenText(WebElement webElm) {
        Browser currentBrowser = getBrowser();

        Object textContent = executeScript("return arguments[0].textContent", webElm);
        Object innerText = executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", webElm);

        if (textContent != null && innerText != null) {
            LOG.warn("innerText comparison - both non-null \n textContent({}) and \n innerText({})", textContent,
                    innerText);
        }

        String javascript = (currentBrowser.isFirefox() || currentBrowser.isHeadless())
                ? "return arguments[0].textContent"
                : "return arguments[0].innerText";

        String hiddenText = executeScript(javascript, webElm).toString();

        return hiddenText;
    }

    /**
     * Scrolls an element into view. Usually a {@link clickAndWait} should do
     * this, so use of this method is discouraged unless there is flakiness found
     * with the element not being in view when clicking on it.
     * 
     * @param elm
     *          - the element to scroll into view
     * @return The {@link HtmlView} instance that invoked this method; enables
     *         fluent calls
     */
    protected HtmlView scrollIntoView(WebElement elm) {
        LOG.debug("Scroll element into view");
        executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView()", elm);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * This injects a javascript ajax listener into the current page. If the page
     * is refreshed or changed, this listener will need to be injected again.
     */
    protected void injectAjaxListener() {
        executeScript(JAVASCRIPT_AJAX_MESSAGE_ARRAY + " = new Array();"
                + "$( document ).ajaxSuccess(function( event, xhr, settings ) {" + "var msg = xhr.responseText;"
                + JAVASCRIPT_AJAX_MESSAGE_ARRAY + ".push(msg);" + "console.log(msg);" + "});");
    }

    /**
     * If multiple requests will happen on the same page, the ajax array will need
     * to be reset to accurately obtain the expected values.
     */
    protected void resetAjaxListenerList() {
        executeScript(JAVASCRIPT_AJAX_MESSAGE_ARRAY + " = new Array();");
    }

    /**
     * Waits for an element to appear on the page before returning. Example:
     * WebElement waitElement =
     * fluentWait(By.cssSelector(div[class='someClass']));
     * 
     * @param locator locator of the element to find
     * @return Web element of found element
     */
    protected WebElement waitForElementToAppear(final By locator) {
        Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(webDriver).withTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
                .pollingEvery(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS).ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

        WebElement element = null;
        try {
            element = wait.until(new Function<WebDriver, WebElement>() {

                @Override
                public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {
                    return driver.findElement(locator);
                }
            });
        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
            try {
                // I want the error message on what element was not found
                webDriver.findElement(locator);
            } catch (NoSuchElementException renamedErrorOutput) {
                // print that error message
                renamedErrorOutput.addSuppressed(e);
                // throw new
                // NoSuchElementException("Timeout reached when waiting for element to be found!"
                // + e.getMessage(), correctErrorOutput);
                throw renamedErrorOutput;
            }
            e.addSuppressed(e);
            throw new NoSuchElementException("Timeout reached when searching for element!", e);
        }

        return element;
    }

    /**
     * Waits for a json response with the desired key
     * 
     * @param key of json response to look for
     * @return {@link JSONObject} of the ajax response
     */
    protected JSONObject waitForAjaxResponse(String key) {
        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(webDriver, 90);
        wait.pollingEvery(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
        return wait.until(new AjaxResponseOccursCondition(key));
    }

    /**
     * Exposed object to wait for page to load. Typically, use the
     * waitForPageToLoad method instead of this one.
     */
    private ExpectedCondition<Boolean> conditionPageLoaded = new ExpectedCondition<Boolean>() {

        @Override
        public Boolean apply(WebDriver driver) {
            // Set the state to something to be changed later
            String state = "pre-check";

            state = (String) executeScript(driver, "return document.readyState");
            return (state == null) ? false : (state.equals("complete"));
        }

        // Used when the timeout exception is thrown.
        // Example: Timed out after x seconds waiting for toString()
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "the page to load";
        }
    };

    /**
     * Waits for an alert dialog to appear.<br>
     * Usage:
     * <code>new WebDriverWait(wdp.get(), 45).until(HtmlView.isAlertPresent);</code>
     */
    private ExpectedCondition<Alert> conditionAlertPresent = new ExpectedCondition<Alert>() {

        @Override
        public Alert apply(WebDriver driver) {
            try {
                return driver.switchTo().alert();
            } catch (NoAlertPresentException e) {
                return null;
            }
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "an alert is present";
        }
    };

    /**
     * Implementation of ExpectedCondition to listen for a ajax request json
     * 
     * @author bbarker
     */
    private class AjaxResponseOccursCondition implements ExpectedCondition<JSONObject> {

        private final String key;

        public AjaxResponseOccursCondition(String key) {
            this.key = key;
        }

        @Override
        public JSONObject apply(WebDriver driver) {
            List<JSONObject> response = getResponses(driver);

            for (JSONObject obj : response) {
                if (obj.has(key)) {
                    return obj;
                }
            }

            return null;
        }

        /**
         * Obtains the ajax response
         * 
         * Note: {@link HtmlView#injectAjaxListener()} will need to be called so the
         * listener is injected into the page.
         * 
         * @return a list of all of the responses obtained by the listener from the
         *         time it was injected until the time this was called
         */
        private List<JSONObject> getResponses(WebDriver driver) {
            List<?> allResponses = (List<?>) executeScript(driver,
                    String.format("return %s;", JAVASCRIPT_AJAX_MESSAGE_ARRAY));
            List<JSONObject> listOfJson = new ArrayList<>();

            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

            if (allResponses != null) {

                sb.append("Ajax response(s):");

                for (Object o : allResponses) {
                    String response = (String) o;
                    sb.append("\n").append(response);
                    try {
                        listOfJson.add(new JSONObject(response));
                    } catch (JSONException e) {
                        LOG.error("Could not create new JSON Object", e);
                    }
                }

                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
            }
            return listOfJson;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return String.format("Ajax request with json key '%s' was never found", key);
        }
    }

    /**
     * ExpectedCondition to wait for any current visible jquery dialogs to load.
     * Assumes blockUI is used when dialogs are loading.
     */
    private class JQueryUiDialogsCondition implements ExpectedCondition<WebElement> {

        private final By dialogContentLocator;

        private WebElement dialogScope;

        public JQueryUiDialogsCondition(By dialogContentLocator) {
            this.dialogContentLocator = dialogContentLocator;
        }

        @Override
        public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {
            List<WebElement> allDialogs = driver.findElements(By.cssSelector(".ui-dialog"));

            for (WebElement singleDialog : allDialogs) {
                List<WebElement> dlaOrContractContact = singleDialog.findElements(dialogContentLocator);
                if (dlaOrContractContact.size() > 0 && singleDialog.isDisplayed()) {
                    dialogScope = singleDialog;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (dialogScope != null) {

                int numberOfBlocks = dialogScope.findElements(By.className("blockUI")).size();

                if (numberOfBlocks == 0) {
                    LOG.debug("Dialog loaded!");
                    return dialogScope;
                } else {
                    LOG.debug("Dialog loading...");
                    return null;
                }
            }
            LOG.debug("Dialog not yet present");
            return null;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "JQueryUiDialogsCondition";
        }
    }

    /**
     * ExpectedCondition to look for a given regex on a given web element. If not
     * found, triggers a focus event on a different web element.
     */
    private class ToggleFocusCondition implements ExpectedCondition<Boolean> {

        private final String regex;

        private final WebElement expectedElm;

        private final WebElement triggerElm;

        public ToggleFocusCondition(String regex, WebElement expectedElm, WebElement triggerElm) {
            this.regex = regex;
            this.expectedElm = expectedElm;
            this.triggerElm = triggerElm;
        }

        @Override
        public Boolean apply(WebDriver driver) {
            String fieldText = expectedElm.getAttribute("value");
            LOG.debug("Current field text: '{}'", fieldText);

            if (fieldText.matches(regex)) {
                return true;
            } else {
                // focus/blur the element that needs to be triggered
                if (triggerElm != null) {
                    focusOrBlur(triggerElm, driver, true);
                    focusOrBlur(triggerElm, driver, false);
                }

                return false;
            }
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return String.format("ToggleFocusCondition - regex:%s", regex);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Expected condition to wait for multiple window handles. Returns whether or
     * not the specified number of window handles is currently present.
     */
    private class MultipleWindowHandlesVisibleCondition implements ExpectedCondition<Boolean> {

        private final int windowsToWaitFor;

        public MultipleWindowHandlesVisibleCondition(int windowsToWaitFor) {
            if (windowsToWaitFor < 1) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                        String.format("windowsToWaitFor(%d) must be > 1", windowsToWaitFor));
            }
            this.windowsToWaitFor = windowsToWaitFor;
        }

        @Override
        public Boolean apply(WebDriver driver) {
            if (driver.getWindowHandles().size() >= windowsToWaitFor) {
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        // Used when the timeout exception is thrown.
        // Example: Timed out after x seconds waiting for toString()
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return String.format("MultipleWindowHandlesVisibleCondition - windowsToWaitFor:%d", windowsToWaitFor);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Helper method to wrap the click functionality. Useful when a extra step needs to be performed to ensure
     * a reliable click. For example, when dealing with a
     * <a href="http://getbootstrap.com/examples/navbar-fixed-top/">fixed navbar</a> sometimes the page should be scrolled
     * to prevent clicking the navbar, which may be on top of the button.
     * @param elem {@link WebElement} to click.
     */
    protected void clickElem(WebElement elem) {
        elem.click();
    }
}