Using negative lengths allows you to say "copy everything but the last three characters,"
<?
$string = "Goodbye, Perl!"
$a = substr($string, 5);
$b = substr($string, 5, 5);
$c = substr($string, 0, -1);
$d = substr($string, -5);
$e = substr($string, -5, 4);
$e will be set to "Perl"
$f = substr($string, -5, -4);
?>
Related examples in the same category