the use of both checking if the ifstream object used to call the open function is NULL and whether the ifstream object's fail member function returns true

   
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
   ifstream infile;
   infile.open("students.dat");
   cout << "(infile) = " << infile << endl;
   cout << "(infile.fail()) = " << infile.fail() << endl;
   return 0;
}

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the use of both checking if the ifstream object used to call the open function is NULL and whether the ifstream object's fail member function returns true : ifstream « File « C++

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